Narrow Results

Introducing, in the underlying gauge theory of the Standard Model, the frame vectors in internal space as field variables (framons), in addition to the usual gauge boson and matter fermions fields, one obtains:

• the standard Higgs scalar as the framon in the electroweak sector;
• a global $\widetilde{su}(3)$ symmetry dual to colour to play the role of fermion generations.

Renormalization via framon loops changes the orientation in generation space of the vacuum, hence also of the mass matrices of leptons and quarks, thus making them rotate with changing scale $\mu$. From previous work, it is known already that a rotating mass matrix will lead automatically to:

• CKM mixing and neutrino oscillations,
• hierarchical masses for quarks and leptons,
• a solution to the strong-CP problem transforming the theta-angle into a Kobayashi–Maskawa phase.

Here in the framed standard model (FSM), the renormalization group equation has some special properties which explain the main qualitative features seen in experiment both for mixing matrices of quarks and leptons, and for their mass spectrum. Quantitative results will be given in Paper II. The present paper ends with some tentative predictions on Higgs decay, and with some speculations on the origin of dark matter.

Apart from the qualitative features described in Paper I (Ref. 1), the renormalization group equation derived for the rotation of the fermion mass matrices are amenable to quantitative study. The equation depends on a coupling and a fudge factor and, on integration, on 3 integration constants. Its application to data analysis, however, requires the input from experiment of the heaviest generation masses $m_t$, $m_b$, $m_{\tau }$, $m_{{\nu }_3}$ all of which are known, except for $m_{{\nu }_3}$. Together then with the theta-angle in the QCD action, there are in all 7 real unknown parameters. Determining these 7 parameters by fitting to the experimental values of the masses $m_c$, $m_{\mu }$, $m_e$, the CKM elements $\left|V_{us}\right|$, $\left|V_{ub}\right|$, and the neutrino oscillation angle ${sin}^2{\theta }_{13}$, one can then calculate and compare with experiment the following 12 other quantities $m_s$, $m_u/m_d$, $\left|V_{ud}\right|$, $\left|V_{cs}\right|$, $\left|V_{tb}\right|$, $\left|V_{cd}\right|$, $\left|V_{cb}\right|$, $\left|V_{ts}\right|$, $\left|V_{td}\right|$, $J$, ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{12}$, ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{23}$, and the results all agree reasonably well with data, often to within the stringent experimental error now achieved. Counting the predictions not yet measured by experiment, this means that 17 independent parameters of the standard model are now replaced by 7 in the FSM.

We describe an algorithm to compute the Kuperberg invariant of a combed or framed 3–manifold, starting from a presentation of such a manifold in terms of branched standard spines.

We describe an algorithm to compute the Kuperberg invariant of a combed or framed 3–manifold, starting from a presentation of such a manifold in terms of branched standard spines.

For a knot K with a framing F, we show that the knot rack R(K, F) of (K, F) has the structure of a rack extension of the knot quandle Q(K), via the projection canonically obtained by disregarding its framing. From this fact, we can construct a cohomology class [ϕ_F] of Q(K) corresponding to the framing: a cohomology class in for K non-trivial, or one in for K trivial, where w_F denotes the writhe of (K, F). Moreover, when K is non-trivial, [ϕ_F] has a natural decomposition to the sum of and , where [ψ] is independent to F. This correspondence gives a bijection between the set of framings of K and .

We consider framed chord diagrams, i.e. chord diagrams with chords of two types. It is well known that chord diagrams modulo $4$T-relations admit a Hopf algebra structure, where the multiplication is given by any connected sum with respect to the orientation. But in the case of framed chord diagrams a natural way to define a multiplication is not known yet. In this paper, we first define a new module ${{ℳ}}_2$ which is generated by chord diagrams on two circles and factored by $4$T-relations. Then we construct a “parity” map from the module of framed chord diagrams into ${{ℳ}}_2$ and a weight system on ${{ℳ}}_2$. Using the map and weight system we show that a connected sum for framed chord diagrams is not a well-defined operation. In the end of the paper we touch linear diagrams, the circle replaced by a directed line.

To look into the assumed difference between East and West in acceptance and use of robots, we performed a content analysis on 120 papers about social robots in two Asian-English (China Daily and The Japan Times) and two Western-English newspapers (The Guardian and New York Times) written between 2009 and 2018. From these papers, we drew a number of statements ($N=118$). We analyzed tone of voice (TOV) as well as the positive or negative framing of the consequences of the implementation of social robots in society, economy, health, and safety. Intercoder reliability $\mathrm{\text{was}}>0.7$, according to Krippendorff’s $\alpha$-reliability. Western newspapers presented significantly more negative social frames, negative fairness-and-equality frames, and negative safety-and-health frames than did Eastern papers, which presented significantly more positive economic frames than did Western papers. Western newspapers expected more negative social, health, safety, and equality issues than did the East. The West anticipated little economic benefit. The East expected little harm to society, safety, health, and equality but rather foresaw beneficial economic outcomes.

China is geographically distant from Central European states, but cultural, economic and political exchanges between the regions are increasing. As such, the perception of China in these societies is susceptible to frames and narratives that are either instrumentally or organically created by local political elites. This paper aims to scrutinize the narratives and frames employed in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland during their most recent election cycles. It identifies five basic types of frames employed in the selected countries: sovereignty, opportunity, the balance of trade, debt-traps and human rights. This paper then concludes by evaluating these thematic frames and summarizes the key similarities in public discourses concerning relations with China.

This paper identifies four major types of technological capabilities of firms developing multi-technology products: integrative, absorptive, coordinative, and generative. Using an in-depth case study of a high technology sub-system, the paper focuses on a firm's generative capabilities. The paper illustrates that a firm's generative capabilities enables it to (a) frame a particular problem, (b) enact an innovative vision, and (c) solve the problem by developing new manufacturing techniques. The triad frame-enact-solve is argued to be the primary feature of a firm's generative capability.

Designing a remarkable product innovation is a difficult challenge, which businesses today are continuously striving to tackle. This challenge is particularly present in the fuzzy front end of innovation, where the main product concept, the DNA of the innovation, is determined. A main challenge in the fuzzy front end is the reasoning process: innovation teams are faced with open-ended, ill-defined problems, where they need to make decisions about an unknown future but have only incomplete, ambiguous and contradicting insights available. We study the reasoning of experts, how they frame to make sense of all the insights and create a basis for decision-making in relation to a new project. Based on case studies of five innovative products from various industries, we propose a Product DNA model for understanding the reasoning in the fuzzy front end of innovation. The Product DNA Model explains how experts reason and what direct their reasoning.

Policy responses to the growing climate crisis are based on the belief that markets and corporate innovation will be sufficient to provide solutions in rapidly decarbonizing the global economy. This view has been evident in proposals for “carbon pricing” (Stern, 2007), as well as among leading executives. For instance, business tycoon Richard Branson has proclaimed that, “our only option to stop climate change is for industry to make money from it” (Neubacher, 2012). So while businesses continue to be key contributors to escalating greenhouse gas emissions (Heede, 2014), they are also increasingly presented as offering innovative ways to reduce carbon emissions through technological innovations and improved eco-efficiency. But how much faith can we place in business to save us from climate change?

After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:

• Identify some of the key theories and conceptual frameworks used to study social media in sport
• Describe topical areas that researchers are studying in use of social media in sport
• Identify how sports and social media research can be beneficial to sports organizations and their stakeholders
• Identify emerging research areas in sport and social media
• Describe future research direction in sport and social media

Behavioral economics provides a theoretical framework that can explain and predict the behavior of patients, physicians, and policymakers in health care in the US, better than standard, neoclassical economics. In this chapter, we explore the contribution that behavioral economics is beginning to make in health care. First, we discuss a set of robust concepts in the field, the most prominent of which are: loss aversion, the endowment effect, framing, the power of the default, hyperbolic discounting, and System 1 vs. System 2 thinking. Next, we discuss the kinds of interventions and policy levers that have been employed to improve decision-making and actions in health care. Then, we focus on specific situations in which the tenets and tools of behavioral economics have been applied to a number of critical health care issues in the US: Smoking cessation, weight loss, overeating, and substance abuse. In addition, we consider potential applications of behavioral economics in policymaking, patient behavior, and physician behavior. Finally, we consider the challenges that face behavioral economics.