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In this paper, we present an idea of creating fractals by using the geometric arc as the basic element. This approach of generating fractals, through the tuning of just three parameters, gives a universal way to obtain many novel fractals including the classic ones. Although this arc-fractal system shares similar features with the well-known Lindenmayer system, such as the same set of invariant points and the ability to tile the space, they do have different properties. One of which is the generation of pseudo-random number, which is not available in the Lindenmayer system. Furthermore, by assuming that coastline formation is based purely on the processes of erosion and deposition, the arc-fractal system can also serve as a dynamical model of coastal morphology, with each level of its construction corresponds to the time evolution of the shape of the coastal features. Remarkably, our results indicate that the arc-fractal system can provide an explanation on the origin of fractality in real coastline.

The December 26, 2004 tsunami has caused extensive damage in the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India, affecting 115.36 km of coastline. In order to identify the impacts of tsunami in South Andaman of the Andaman Islands, the study has been carried out using satellite data for pre-tsunami (Feb. 2003) and post-tsunami (March 2005). This paper provides an assessment of damages caused by tsunami and suitable resettlement places for the people using remote sensing and GIS technology. Assessment of tsunami inflicted damage to island ecosystems assumes greater importance owing to their life-sustaining and livelihood support abilities. Apart from the reparation caused to life and property, significant damage has afflicted the ecosystem, which will have long lasting effects. The tsunami-induced damage to coastal ecosystems was studied based on coastal landuse, geomorphology and coastal critical habitat for South Andaman Island using remote sensing and GIS. An area of 3,366 ha of land area was affected by tsunami. Within the coastal ecosystem, coral reef and mangrove were also severely affected. The study of landforms shows that the land is submerged. The severity of damages and their consequences suggest the need for a definite restoration ecology programme.

Tropical karst is highly sensitive to surface and subsurface changes, with natural and anthropogenic factors contributing to its potential degradation and overexploitation. Thus, the appropriate management and protection of karst environments are needed. This study aims to determine the anthropogenic-driven changes in the karst landscape and groundwater resources of El Nido, Palawan Province. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR), LandSat 8, and Google Earth imagery were used for pre-field geomorphological and land cover delineation. Semi-detailed stratigraphic surveys and rock sampling were conducted. In-situ water quality testing and sampling were done to obtain physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids. Focusing on preliminary findings from El Nido, petrographic characterization and microfossil age dating have shown that the limestone is composed of Middle Permian faunal assemblage. Geomorphological analysis shows that the area is dominated by karst towers, remnant valleys, sinkholes, and caves. Georesistivity surveys reveal that the water-saturated layer becomes thicker in the extensive floodplains of Villa Libertad, Dewil Valley, and Villa Paz. In contrast, the town center has a thin and permeable water-saturated layer that is approximately 2-3 m thick. Fecal coliform, nitrates, and sulfates are relatively higher in groundwater collected from karst areas in the urban and tourism center.