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We have investigated the dependence of device characteristics of bulk-heterojunction organic thin-film solar cells on the concentration of glycerol and sorbitol addition in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solutions for fabricating buffer layers. The device structure is ITO/buffer/regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C₆₁-butyric acid methylester (PCBM)/Al. Glycerol addition is effective for increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 1.25 to 1.41% because of the increase in short-circuit current density (J_sc) without decreasing open-circuit voltage (V_oc). On the other hand, sorbitol addition decreases PCE from 1.25 to 1.04%, owing to the decrease in V_oc. This difference in V_oc behavior is ascribed to different work function of PEDOT:PSS with glycerol and sorbitol treatment.

This study is a pilot investigation on the effect of using nanosilica for reinforcing thermoplastic starch-based bioplastic films. An arbitrary 0.2wt.% of nanosilica particles were used to reinforce starch derived bioplastic materials and were further investigated for potential benefits. Nanosilica was extracted from rice husk and was characterized using methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to determine the structure of nanosilica crystals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to study the surface topography and composition of nano ‘silica. Both raw and reinforced bioplastic films were tested for thermal stability using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests and their performance was compared. Mechanical properties were compared using tensile and tear tests and biodegradability was assessed through enzymatic degradation analysis. It was found that the presence of nanosilica improved the bonding of polymer matrix and in turn increased the thermal stability and tear strength. Nanosilica reinforced matrix resulted in the increase of surface area than raw bioplastic matrix, which lead to high rate of enzymatic reactivity and degradation rate.

A series of activated carbon (AC) supported Au nanocatalysts with different loadings of Au were prepared by using the homogeneous deposition–precipitation (HDP) method. The samples were characterised with myriad techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO-chemisorption, N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural and textural properties in detail. The catalysts were tested for the vapour phase oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid under base-free medium in an aerobic condition at normal atmospheric pressure. The Au/AC nanocatalysts with smaller size Au particles ($<6$nm) showed higher glycerol conversion and selectivity for glyceric acid, and also a longer catalyst life. While the larger Au particles ($>10$nm) showed less activity and selectivity. Among all the nanocatalysts tested, the 1.0wt.% Au/AC sample having smaller particle size of Au showed the best catalytic performance in terms of glycerol conversion and glyceric acid selectivity. These results suggest that the oxidation activities of Au/AC nanocatalysts are strongly influenced by the size of Au nanoparticle, nature of the support material and through a metal-support interaction.