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China’s Healthcare Reforms: Who Will Survive?

Neovia Enrolls First Patient in Cancer Trial for Immunotherapy Enhancing Drug.

$5M Foundation Gift to Help Support US-China Energy Center at Berkeley Lab.

Scientists Make Breakthrough in 21st Century Killers Research.

Chinese Scientist Participates in Human Gene Editing Committee.

Monkeys Master a Key Sign of Self-awareness: Recognizing Their Reflections.

Poisonous Gas May Have Driven Prehistoric Mass Extinction.

Chinese Scientists in Rice Breakthrough.

In order to explore neuroglial relationships in a simple nervous system, the ultrastructure of crayfish stretch receptor, which consists of only two sensory neurons enveloped by satellite glial cells, was studied. Neuronal Golgi complex was oriented such that its output trans-Golgi network usually faced the bundles of microtubules within the neuronal cytoplasm and very rarely to the outer membrane. Therefore, it participates mainly in the processing of proteins transported along microtubules to distal neuron parts rather than those transported to glial cells. Structural triads of submembrane cisterns–vesicles–mitochondria were involved in formation of glial protrusions into the neuronal cytoplasm. The double-wall vesicles within the neuron body were the captured parts of such glial protrusions. Glial protrusions and double-wall vesicles facilitated the neuroglial transport and large-scale delivery of the glial material into the neuron. The neuroglial transport could also be performed by diffusion across the intercellular space. These data indicate the significant neuroglial exchange with cellular components.

The germinal centre reaction selects B cells from a large diversity of clones in order to optimise the efficiency of an immune response. We discuss two rather different approaches to tackle the puzzle of selection mechanisms in germinal centres with mathematical methods. A space-averaged differential equation approach is compared to a space-resolved agent-based approach. The same two novel selection mechanisms could be localised with both methods which increases the predictive power of the result. In addition, the comparison of both methods allows interesting conclusions about the suitability of diverse approaches in Theoretical Biology.