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Copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures have gained popularity in glucose biosensor development due to their excellent electrochemical properties, affordability and ease of fabrication. This review examines the progress of glucose biosensors based on CuO nanostructures and shows differences between enzyme-based and enzyme-dependent systems. Enzyme-based glucose oxidase sensors offer high specificity but are hampered by difficulties associated with enzyme stability at different temperatures, pH and interfering inhibitors. Unlike nonenzyme-based sensors, those using glucose oxidation directly offer high sensitivity and long working life but are struggling with specificity. The main drivers of these sensors are nanostructure morphology, synthesis techniques, surface modifications and electrode materials. The switch from more conventional CuO to sophisticated nanostructures significantly improved the sensitivity and durability of the sensor. This research focuses on optimizing these variables to address existing limitations and to advance CuO nanostructures as leads for next-generation glucose biosensing technologies.

Historical review of research and development of the SHPB method in Japan is outlined. After introduction of the SHPB in early 1960s, various kinds of compression, tension, torsion and bending tests have been performed in Japan and are presently shown together with special techniques such as the strain rate change test and the ramped wave method. Applications of the SHPB method to characterize dynamic response of materials from various points of view are also described in connection with its flexibility and simplicity. Current activities related to the SHPB method are briefly explained.

A historical review is made on the development of coastal engineering from the empirical stage of harbor engineering in the old days to the present stage of sophistication. Emphasis is placed on the incorporation of random wave concept into coastal engineering, and its importance in engineering practice is discussed. Progress with regard to random wave approach in Japan is described in some detail. Present and future topics related with random wave approach are also presented.

This chapter aims to understand the development of women entrepreneurship in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It provides a historical overview of the KSA and examines the entrepreneurial ecosystem and implications for women entrepreneurship in the country. The chapter highlights the deep transformation that the country has undertaken in all business sectors since the announcement of the 2030 vision of the Kingdom. The chapter concludes with a look toward the future of the KSA as it progresses to achieve its objectives for the next decade.