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Glaser and Strauss’s grounded theory (GT) was a new theory of conceptual sociology. GT emerged from Glaser’s empirical sociology and Strauss’s pragmatic symbolic interactionism. The result of GT was a practical method to build theory from qualitative data. Unfortunately, the practicality of GT hid its ontology, epistemology, and philosophical foundations. Three waves, or historical periods, of scientific philosophy have attempted to reveal GT’s foundations. These waves, inductivism, positivism, and social constructivism, left GT with no ground and no theory. This chapter pinpoints where GT went off track by examining the foundations of GT. We use Hegel’s philosophy to develop a fourth wave of GT using a foundation of dialectic ontological processes, with precisely what that means being explored in-depth. The intent of this fourth wave of GT is to get it back on track. Fourth-wave GT recognizes the multiplicity of intra-active, self-organizing ontologies necessary to defining ground and theory. Fourth-wave GT embraces Peirce’s, Heidegger’s, Bhaskar’s, and Žižek’s ontologies, resisting the grounding fallacies of logical positivism and social constructivism, contributing to the question of what theory can be, creating both ground and theory by attending deeply to philosophical concerns.

Grounded theory, as a qualitative research method, constructs theories grounded in data on previously unexplored phenomena. To this end, it requires the researcher to be able to form concepts and ideas from the data, to withstand uncertainty and a lack of understanding, and to accept the return, at any point, to the initial stage of the research process. Although grounded theory permits the required flexibility to produce and interpret themes that emerge from the data, its three dominant “waves” are techniques of knowing that are separated from “being-in-the world.” This means they discard the existence of the researcher’s ontological status and that of others in time, space, and matter. This state of affairs maintains the “(inter)subjectivity–objectivity” dualism and yields a “disembodied organization research” that develops and turns inductive inferences into general categories. Against this backdrop, this chapter discusses the fallacies of each of the three waves of grounded theory and advances a fourth one that adds theoretical anchoring and, therefore, provides a basis for developing theories.

Considering the impact on human beings and human activities of architectural decisions in the design of space for human habitation, this chapter discusses the increasingly evident and necessary confluence in contemporary times of many disciplines and human-oriented sciences, with architecture being the meeting ground to know emergent phenomena of human habitation. As both a general rubric and a specific phenomenon, architectural emergence is the chosen focus of discussion and other phenomena are related to it. Attention is given to the phenomena of architectural induction, emergence, and convergence as having strategic and explanatory value in understanding tensions between two competing mentalities, the global domineering nature-for-humans attitude, in opposition to the lesser practiced humans-for-nature attitude.

We introduce some core principles related to systems thinking: interaction, establishment of systems through organization and self-organization (emergence), and the constructivist role of the observer including the use of language. It is not effective to deal with systemic properties in a non-systemic way, by adopting a reductionist way of thinking, i.e., when properties acquired by systems are considered as properties possessed by objects. We consider the reduced language adopted in consumer societies as functional to maintain consumerist attitude. In consumer societies, language is suitable for maintaining people in the role of consumers with a limited ability to design and create. In this context freedom is intended as freedom of choice. To counteract this reduced language, we propose the diffusion of suitable games, cartoons, comics and pictures, images, concepts and words which can enrich everyday language, especially that of young people, and provide an effective way for inducing some elementary aspects of systems thinking in everyday life. The purpose is to have a language to design and develop things and not merely to select from what is already available. We list a number of proposals for the design of such games, stories and pictures.

The following sections are included:

• THE ROLE OF STATISTICS IN BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
  • TV Show Ratings
  • ABC GPA
  • One, Two, Three, “Fore!”
  • Health Benefits of Oat Bran
  • Fertilizer Choice and Plant Growth Rate

• DESCRIPTIVE VERSUS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
  • Baseball Players’ Batting Averages
  • Monthly Unemployment Rates
  • Comparison of Male and Female Earnings
  • Returns on Stocks and Bonds
  • Pitfalls of Comparing the Earnings of Males and Females
  • Sampling Survey of Residents’ Voting Decision
  • Unemployment Rate
  • Quality Control Via Sampling Data
  • A Record Drop in Stock Prices

• DEDUCTIVE VERSUS INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS IN STATISTICS

• Summary

• Questions and Problems

Cholesterol oxidase (COX) induction in cells of Rhodococcus sp. (CIP 105335, strain GK1) depended on the sterol side chain. Octanoate, or Tween 80 showed a stimulating effect on enzyme synthesis by this strain. COX occurred in a secreted form and/or a cell surface-bound form depending on the carbon source used for strain growth. Extractability of the cell surface-linked form from cells with phosphate buffer or the buffer containing non-ionic detergent varied as the carbon source varied. The detergent-extracted COX was co-solubilized with mycolate and three proteins of around 52, 26, and 19 kDa. Some of these cell surface proteins might be involved in COX fixation into mycolate-rich cell surface. The secreted, buffer-extracted, and detergent-extracted enzyme forms showed the same substrate specificity and molecular mass, around 60 KDa. COX of GK1 is exported outside of the cell membrane, and either localized onto the cell surface, or released into the growth medium depending on the carbon source.

The purpose of this expert system is to assess a predisposition to bleeding in a patient undergoing a tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, as may occur with patients who have certain blood conditions such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, and platelet function defects. This objective is achieved by establishing a correlation between the patients' responses to a medical questionnaire and the relative quantities of blood lost during their operations.

Three major modules constitute the system: the automated questionnaire to be completed by the patient, the expert system proper, and the patient database. The questionnaire is divided into fourteen sections on topics such as the occurrence of bruises and positive familial history. The expert system takes the responses to the questionnaire and determines risk categories for patients undergoing the operations. The patient database contains the patients' questionnaire responses, personal data and the risk assessments generated by the expert system.

Subsequent to the development of the expert system prototype, inductive learning techniques were examined to automatically classify patients as either normal or abnormal. Specifically, Quinlan's ID3 induction algorithm was used whereby a training set of patient data generates a classification tree whose leaf nodes correspond to the classification outcomes.

This paper presents the architecture of the hematology expert system, identifies some problems encountered during the knowledge engineering process and presents some statistical data pertaining to the accuracy of its risk assessments. It also offers a comparative review of the expert system and inductive learning methodologies.