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Warning systems enable timely communication of risk during disasters. This study examines the relationship between planning and warning, as well as their effect on capacity in island communities. The study establishes planning as a form of warning and uses empirical evidence from a natural experiment, Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico (2017), to describe how planning functions as a warning process before, during, and after a disaster. Qualitative interview and participant observation data were gathered before and after the storm event. The study finds that planning, like warning, translates knowledge of risks into appropriate courses of protective action to reduce human suffering. Island communities, which tend to be under-resourced before, during, and after disasters, can benefit from operationalizing planning as a form of warning to build capacity and resilience.

Effects of annealing on the evolution of self-assembled Ge/Si (100) islands grown by ion-beam sputtering were investigated by atomic force microscopy. The islands with high aspect ratio (0.2-0.33) and small diameter (45-75 nm) without annealing were observed. Significant evolutions occur on islands number density, shapes and aspect ratio with the changes of the annealing time and Ge coverage. Increasing annealing duration, the density and aspect ratio decreased with a simultaneous increase of the average volumes at low deposition coverage. Comparing with it, the density and aspect ratio increased during the annealing of the samples with high deposition coverage. No pyramid islands were observed in our samples. Atom diffusion and the poor crystalline Si buffer confirmed by the Raman spectrum measurement led to these results.