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Mobile technologies have become an integral part of our daily lives, making it increasingly important for developers to create mobile applications quickly and efficiently. There are many programming languages and frameworks available for mobile application development. This study discusses frameworks like Flutter and React Native, as well as the languages Kotlin and Java used in native application development. It also investigates which application development technique provides better services for developers. As part of the research, similar applications were developed in each language and subjected to various performance tests. These tests measured parameters such as central processing unit (CPU) usage, Random Access Memory (RAM) consumption, code length, and application size. In the study, three applications with different levels of complexity were developed separately using Flutter, React Native, and Kotlin. The applications included a to-do list with 250, 500, and 1000 items, a simple calculator, and a tic-tac-toe game. Performance tests were then conducted. The results showed that Kotlin stands out as the most efficient platform, with low CPU and memory usage, small file size, and high performance. Flutter is notable for its balanced resource usage and cross-platform support. Although React Native offers a fast development process, it should be carefully considered for large projects where performance is crucial due to its high resource usage. The suitability of these three mobile application development techniques for a given project can be determined using the results obtained from this study.

We illustrate the use of World Wide Web technologies for the teaching of general science topics to undergraduate non-science majors. The newly developed course, Science for the 21st Century, consists of modules each presenting scientific topics of current interest and broad appeal. Network- and computer-based tools are used by instructors to: 1) present multimedia material in lectures; 2) produce and store Web-based modules; 3) communicate notices about the course. Students use computers to: 1) access and review lecture material; 2) explore information sources (located on our server or elsewhere) for term projects and homework assignments; 3) obtain information about the course and communicate with instructors. We describe our experiences with this course and formulate some general conclusions which might be of interest to others wishing to use network-based resources for teaching.

The World Wide Web originated within the high-energy physics community from the need to exchange documentation in an efficient way. It can be used easily to produce and maintain didactic material for teaching physics. The material can be made accessible via the network in hypertext form, comprising text, pictures, animations, audio files. For didactic applications in physics, the capability of an interactive link, beyond the use of simple electronic forms is necessary. This was not foreseen in the original WWW protocol, and it has been developed in an application presented here to simulate a series of measurements in a diffusion process in solutions. The recent introduction of the Java language offers a natural way to create new powerful interactive Internet applications. We are currently developing and testing Java powered didactic applications.

The object-oriented middleware standard, CORBA, is a very useful platform for distributed computing, and in particular for sharing a workload among a collection of possibly polymorphic computers. CORBA has, however, received relatively little attention from the scientific computing community. In this article we demonstrate how CORBA and Java can be used to implement a distributed multi-dimensional Monte Carlo integration algorithm which runs on the internet.

Smart cards are highly successful thanks to their unique combination of mobility and security. Based upon a single-chip microcontroller with volatile and non-volatile memories, a smart card implementes a small computer system that is very portable (credit card size), easy to use, and extremely resistant against external attacks.

However, today's smart cards use proprietary protocols, application schemes, and development tools. This is due to the limitations of current technology, and it leads to situation of "splendid isolation" where smart cards are not being regarded as an integral part of the overall IT architecture.

In this paper, we describe recent research towards "next generation" smart cards. It combines an advanced programming language (Java), novel hardware architectures that provide the required "MIPS budget" (RISC 32 bit), as well as an implementation of key Internet protocols (IP, HTTP) on smart cards.

As a result, we show how smart cards can be seamlessly integrated within a distributed computing environment.

Net-Console is an integrated program development environment that can be used as a front-end for High Performance Computing (HPC) sites. It consist of an MPI-aware editor, an execution console, a debugger, monitoring tools and an account and file manager. Using Net-console the user is able to edit, execute, debug and evaluate the performance of parallel programs from anywhere in the Internet. The user interface is done through a normal Java-enabled browser. Net-console can also support processing through wireless and lightweight devices with the use of mobile agent technologies. The tools included in Net-console and their functionality, the languages used and the overall structure of the project are presented in this paper.

We address the challenging problem of algorithm and program design for the Computational Grid by providing the application user with a set of high-level, parameterised components called skeletons. We descrile a Java-based Grid programming system in which algorithmns are composed of skeletons and the computational resources for executing individual skeletons are chosen using performance prediction. The advantage of our approach is that skeletons are reusable for different applications and that skeletons' implementation can be tuned to particular machines. The focus of this paper is on predicting performance for Grid applications constructed using skeletons.

In this paper, we address the goal of executing Java parallel applications in a group of nodes of a Beowulf cluster transparently chosen by a metacomputing system oriented to efficient execution of Java bytecode, with support for scientific computing. To this end, we extend the Java virtual machine by providing a message passing interface and quick access to distributed high performance resources. Also, we introduce the execution of parallel linear algebra methods for large objects from sequential Java applications by invoking SPLAM, our parallel linear algebra package.

This paper studies the problem of testing shared memory Java implementations to determine whether the memory behavior they provide is consistent. The complexity of the task is analyzed. The problem is defined as that of analyzing memory access traces. The study showed that the problem is NP-complete, both in the general case and in some particular cases in which the number of memory operations per thread, the number of write operations per variable, and the number of variables are restricted.

PVM for Java (JPVM) is a parallel programming environment that provides a set of Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM)-like class libraries developed using Java. JPVM inherits the attributes of Java, especially Java support of heterogeneous system. However, it also has the disadvantage of poor performance when compared to native codes. Java performance has been considerably improved with the recent introduction of Just in Time (JIT) compilers. This paper evaluates JPVM, with and without JIT compilation, using some well-known parallel processing benchmarks. It will also highlight some of the areas that limit the use of Java in parallel processing on distributed systems. The objective of the paper is to provide some performance indications of using Java in network-based parallel computing environments.

Digital watermarking technology would be very useful as part of a related service introduction system (RSIS); which links physical objects in the real world, such as printed photographs, to those in the cyber world. In this paper, we focus on a camera-equipped mobile phone as an RSIS terminal, and propose a fast watermark detection scheme for the captured images. The proposed scheme consists of two processes; to correct geometric distortion of the captured image, and to detect watermark information from the corrected image. For our scheme, we also propose a fast quadrangle detection algorithm and a robust watermarking algorithm. Moreover, we introduce a quantitative evaluation method for determining the reliability of watermark detection, which is essential for RSIS services. Finally, we show that the proposed scheme enables users to detect embedded information far less than one second, even when implemented as a Java application on a mobile phone with limited resources, and our experiments confirm the efficiency of our scheme.

This paper surveys the state-of-the-art parallel techniques for multiprocessor architectures, and studies its implication for Java programs, which are typically compiled at run-time. First, this paper overviews basic techniques of program parallelization in traditional static compilers, followed by a survey of successful parallelizing compilers. Then this paper introduces the latest research topics in this area, particularly focusing on the efforts of combining parallelizing techniques with Java virtual machines, including parallel compilation and parallel real-time garbage collection. Finally, this paper summaries the opportunities and challenges of parallelizing Java computing on multicore platforms.

Objects in this article refer to sharable applications, such as a whiteboard and a video player, used by multi-users who are in different sites and have computers connected to networks. The objects are important elements in our Internet-based desktop collaborative system, called virtual collaboration room (VCR). We argue that a natural collaborative environment should be developed in a framework of using both a room metaphor and an object metaphor, i.e., emulating the fundamental characteristics of real rooms and real objects, respectively. This article gives the first systematic specifications of object physical and social characteristics, and discusses how to exploit and implement the object characteristics in VCR. A preliminary prototype of platform independent real-time audio/video communications among multiple users is also described. It can be used together with VCR.

One regression test selection technique proposed for object-oriented programs is the Class firewall regression test selection technique. The selection technique selects test cases for regression test, which test changed classes and classes depending on changed classes. However, in empirical studies of the application of the technique, we observed that another technique found the same defects, selected fewer tests and required a simpler, less costly, analysis. The technique, which we refer to as the Change-based regression test selection technique, is basically the Class firewall technique, but with the class firewall removed. In this paper we formulate a hypothesis stating that these empirical observations are not incidental, but an inherent property of the Class firewall technique. We prove that the hypothesis holds for Java in a stable testing environment, and conclude that the effectiveness of the Class firewall regression testing technique can be improved without sacrificing the defect detection capability of the technique, by removing the class firewall.

Software engineers are able to measure the quality of their code using a variety of metrics that can be derived directly from analyzing the source code. These internal quality metrics are valuable to engineers, but the organizations funding the software development effort find external quality metrics such as defect rates and time to develop features more valuable. Unfortunately, external quality metrics can only be calculated after costly software has been developed and deployed for end-users to utilize. Here, we present a method for mining data from freely available open source codebases written in Java to train a Random Forest classifier to predict which files are likely to be external quality hotspots based on their internal quality metrics with over 75% accuracy. We also used the trained model to predict hotspots for a Java project whose data was not used to train the classifier and achieved over 75% accuracy again, demonstrating the method’s general applicability to different projects.

Language evolution provides room for improvements in existing programs. Developers can update a system design by using new language features in existing code bases. In this sense, we present a catalog with a set of refactorings to deal with lambda expressions in Java. A case study evaluates the applicability of the proposed refactorings in a set of open source projects, using an Eclipse-based tool for searching for refactoring opportunities dealing with lambda expressions.

Background: The current primary focus of programming language benchmarking studies in the literature is performance with less attention on safety. However, this context has a research gap because the software industry has focused more on software safety than performance to safeguard clients. This paper attempts to address this research gap by benchmarking languages in both safety and performance. Furthermore, this study includes Rust, a relatively new language with promising safety and performance features. Methods: This paper compares six prominent programming languages (in alphabetical order: C, C$++$, Go, Java, Python and Rust) to determine which is the best in terms of safety and performance using quantitative and qualitative methods through actual testing of code and analysis of existing information. Results: The comparisons show that Rust was the safest language, outperforming all the other languages. Regarding performance, Rust, C and C$++$ performed comparably to each other and generally outperformed Go, Java and Python. Conclusion: It is possible to achieve a superior balance of software safety and performance with, at worst, a minimal performance drop; as Rust clearly demonstrates.

Given the undeniable popularity of the Web, providing efficient and secure access to remote databases using a Web browser is crucial for the emerging cooperative information systems and applications. In this paper, we evaluate all currently available Java-based approaches that support persistent connections between Web clients and database servers. These approaches include Java applets, Java Sockets, Servlets, Remote Method Invocation, CORBA, and mobile agents technology. Our comparison is along the dimensions of performance and programmability. Our findings point out that best performance is not always achievable with high programmability and low resource requirements. Moreover, the mobile agent technology needs to improve its programmability while giving particular emphasis on its infrastructure.

The Internet-mediated distance learning has received a lot of attention in both universities and corporations in the past few years. With the proliferation of new network and multimedia technologies, there is an increasing need for delivering TV-like video lectures. The Cisco IP/TV system has been widely used as an efficient platform in supporting TV-like lectures in MPEG-1 format. However, since it relies on Microsoft multimedia technology, IP/TV cannot be architecture-neutral. Further, in spite that a Web interface to IP/TV is provided, it lacks in application program interfaces to endorse the development of interaction applications between instructors and students. Both limitations can be relieved by appealing to the emerging Java technology. However, playing RTP/MPEG objects using JMF (Java Media Framework) is a non-trivial task. This paper presents a novel Java-based TV-like distance learning system by integrating Cisco IP/TV and Java JMF technology so that the superiority of both models can be complemented. In particular, we enhance the JMF engine to make playing RTP/MPEG media objects over the Internet possible. This system offers two learning modes, namely on-demand learning via unicast connection and scheduled learning via multicast connection. A course sample and its performance evaluation are illustrated to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of delivering TV-like courseware. Furthermore, synchronous distance learning services can be implemented at less cost.

XML sets a standard for the exchange of business data that is completely platform- and vendor-neutral. XML is in increasingly wide use for Web applications, especially for business-to-business integration. Because XML data comes in many forms, the most important technology needed for XML applications is the ability to transform it from one to another ("vocabulary translation"), and to convert it to visible renderings.

The present status of Web-based e-Content Management System and the fundamentality of data rendering engine in I will be analyzed in this paper. This paper focuses on the rendering of XML/XSL documents into a readable and printable format by means of a platform-independent process that grants high-quality printing and presents the product that has been developed. X2P Server provides the GUI IDE for designing the XSLT and a rendering engine package for rendering XSL stylesheet into PDF and other output formats. In this paper, we will introduce the core component in X2P Server, the data rendering engine package. We also present different levels of object abstraction. And the design pattern and the complete process of formatting and representing XSL stylesheet into different types of output formats in X2P server will be shown.