Narrow Results

We consider two types of folding applied to equilateral plane graph linkages. First, under continuous folding motions, we show how to reconfigure any linear equilateral tree (lying on a line) into a canonical configuration. By contrast, it is known that such reconfiguration is not always possible for linear (nonequilateral) trees and for (nonlinear) equilateral trees. Second, under instantaneous folding motions, we show that an equilateral plane graph has a noncrossing linear folded state if and only if it is bipartite. Furthermore, we show that the equilateral constraint is necessary for this result, by proving that it is strongly NP-complete to decide whether a (nonequilateral) plane graph has a linear folded state. Equivalently, we show strong NP-completeness of deciding whether an abstract metric polyhedral complex with one central vertex has a noncrossing flat folded state. By contrast, the analogous problem for a polyhedral manifold with one central vertex (single-vertex origami) is only weakly NP-complete.

This article examines the patterns of dynamic linkages among national stock prices of Australia and four Asian NIC stock markets namely, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong. By employing recently developed time-series techniques results seem to consistently suggest the relatively leading role of the Hong Kong market in driving fluctuations in the Australian and other NIC stock markets. In other words, given the generality of the techniques employed, Hong Kong showed up consistently as the initial receptor of exogenous shocks to the (long-term) equilibrium relationship whereas the Australian and the other NIC markets, particularly the Singaporean and Taiwanese markets had to bear most of the brunt of the burden of short-run adjustment to re-establish the long term equilibrium. Furthermore, given the dominance of the Hong Kong market in the region, the study also brings to light the substantial contribution of the Australian market in explaining the fluctuations to the other three markets, particularly Singapore and Taiwan. Finally, in comparison to all other NIC markets, Taiwan and Singapore appear as the most endogenous, with the former providing significant evidence of its short-term vulnerability to shocks from the more established market such as Australia.

The EIA process provides the framework for structuring EIA activities, events, documents and methods. An overview of examples of design and management choices available to EIA process participants is presented. The choices pertain to (1) general EIA process design and management; (2) EIA process inputs, outputs and linkages; and (3) EIA process adaptations. The available choices are more extensive than are generally recognised in EIA process characterisations. EIA process participants can select the mix of choices that best suit proposal characteristics, environmental conditions, contextual factors and their interests and priorities. An awareness of the available choices is a good first step. EIA quality and effectiveness analyses could, with appropriate adaptations and refinements, help distinguish among blends of choices that are recurrently more and less effective.

We consider the moduli spaces ${{ℳ}}_d(\ell )$ of a closed linkage with $n$ links and prescribed lengths $\ell \in {ℝ}^n$ in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space. For $d>3$ these spaces are no longer manifolds generically, but they have the structure of a pseudomanifold.

We use intersection homology to assign a ring to these spaces that can be used to distinguish the homeomorphism types of ${{ℳ}}_d(\ell )$ for a large class of length vectors in the case of $d$ even. This result is a high-dimensional analogue of the Walker conjecture which was proven by Farber, Hausmann and the author.

During the last two decades, Turkey implemented a number of structural adjustment programmes, and changed the economic structural priorities from agriculture to manufacturing sectors. However, agricultural sector has still remained as the most important sector in terms of employing almost 29.5% of total employment in the economy. Despite this situation share of agricultural production in total value added has drastically declined. This research aims to enlighten changing role of agricultural sector in Turkish economy. In doing so, we employ input–output model, in which sectoral inter-linkages can be defined. Our research uses input–output tables from 1968 to 2002 and analyzes the importance of agricultural sector basing upon the forward and backward linkages calculated under different hypothetical cases. Therefore, we can examine the changes in total production in the economy. Through such a sensitivity analyses, we are able to investigate the extent of which other sectors rely on the production of the agricultural sector.

The firm-level determinants of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) intensity of Indian manufacturing firms are analyzed using a random-effects Tobit model for a panel dataset covering over 17,550 firms from 1992–1993 to 2018–2019. The explanatory variables are based on a theoretical synthesis of Dunning’s (1980) [Towards an eclectic theory of international production: Some empirical tests. Journal of International Business Studies, 11(1), 9–31] ownership–location–internationalization (OLI) model and Mathew’s (2002) [Competitive advantage of the latecomer firm: A resource-based account of industrial catch-up strategies. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(4), 467–488] linkage–leverage–learning (LLL) model. The empirical evidence reveals that policy liberalization, size (up to a threshold level), age, business group ownership structure, and the extent of foreign earnings strongly impact the OFDI intensity of Indian manufacturing enterprises. In contrast, outsourcing intensity, technological efforts, product differentiation, export intensity, and use of imported intermediate inputs were found to have a moderate positive impact. A moderate negative impact was found for factors like the global financial crisis, debt-equity ratio, and technology imports, and a strong negative effect for foreign ownership and public-sector ownership structure variables.

Linkages, fields of influence and key sectors are troublesome concepts.

This article deals with the intrinsic complexity of tracing and reachability questions in the context of elementary geometric constructions. We consider constructions from elementary geometry as dynamic entities: while the free points of a construction perform a continuous motion the dependent points should move consistently and continuously. We focus on constructions that are entirely built up from join, meet and angular bisector operations. In particular the last operation introduces an intrinsic ambiguity: Two intersecting lines have two different angular bisectors. Under the requirement of continuity it is a fundamental algorithmic problem to resolve this ambiguity properly during motions of the free elements.

After formalizing this intuitive setup we prove the following main results of this article:

• It is NP-hard to trace the dependent elements in such a construction.

• It is NP-hard to decide whether two instances of the same construction lie in the same component of the configuration space.

• The last problem becomes PSPACE-hard if we allow one additional sidedness test which has to be satisfied during the entire motion.

On the one hand the results have practical relevance for the implementations of Dynamic Geometry Systems. On the other hand the results can be interpreted as statements concerning the intrinsic complexity of analytic continuation.

The EIA process provides the framework for structuring EIA activities, events, documents and methods. An overview of examples of design and management choices available to EIA process participants is presented. The choices pertain to (1) general EIA process design and management; (2) EIA process inputs, outputs and linkages; and (3) EIA process adaptations. The available choices are more extensive than are generally recognised in EIA process characterisations. EIA process participants can select the mix of choices that best suit proposal characteristics, environmental conditions, contextual factors and their interests and priorities. An awareness of the available choices is a good first step. EIA quality and effectiveness analyses could, with appropriate adaptations and refinements, help distinguish among blends of choices that are recurrently more and less effective.

We argue that the measures of backward linkages wed in recent pages on spillovers from multinational companies are potentially problematic. as they depend on a number of restrictive assumptions. namely that (i) multinationals use domestically produced inputs in the same proportion as Imported Inputs, (ii) multinationals have the same input sourcing behaviour as domestic firms, Irrespective of their country of origin, and (iii) the demand for locally produced Inputs by multinationals is proportional to their share of locally produced output. We discuss why these assumptions are likely to be violated in practice, and provide alternative measures that overcome these drawbacks. Our results. using plant level data for Ireland, clearly show that the choice of backward linkage measure and thus. the assumptions behind it. matters greatly In order to draw possible conclusions regarding the existence of foreign direct investment (FDI)-related spillovers. Using the standard measure employed In the literature we fail to find robust evidence for spillovers through backward linkages. However, when we use alternative measures of backward linkages that relax assumptions (i)–(iii), we find robust evidence for positive FDI backward spillover effects.