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Proton Induced X-ray Emission, PIXE is a very well established analytical method. This technique of analysis can equally be applied both in vacuum, internal PIXE, and in atmosphere, external PIXE. External PIXE has been applied to material analysis in Van de Graaff laboratory at AEOI using filters and funny filters. Advantages of using these filters have been studied when analysing ancient written documents such as envelopes, inks, and newspapers. This technique clearly demonstrated the differences between new and old inks and papers. More data is needed to show other features of this technique.

Certificate Course in Outcomes Research From Data to Publication.

There are references to zero in Jaina scriptures, āgamas like Jambūdvīpaprajñapti, Jīvābhigama, Bhagavatī Sūtra etc., which were originally composed in the millennium BCE and preserved the in oral tradition up to the 5^th century CE. On the basis of language, grammatical forms and related material Professor Hermann Jacobi concluded that the present version of Jaina Śvetāmbara Aṅgas must have been compiled towards the end of the 4^th century BCE and at the beginning of the 3^rd century BCE. In this article we discuss instances of occurrences of zero in the Jaina literature.