Narrow Results

The following topics are under this section:

• Ensuring food security for the future
• Natural products produced by fermentation hold potential to help Singapore’s farming economy grow

Food waste valorisation through the manufacture of value-added products has been studied for nearly a decade in many parts of the world. Despite the prevalence of recent studies, increasing food waste remains a problem. The transformation of food waste into useful products could be harnessed to tackle the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The current method of extracting nutrients from wasted food and facilitating their utilisation by microbes generates various platform chemicals and fuels, such as succinic acid, lactic acid, ethanol and hydrogen, and polymers, such as homopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and polylactic acid (PLA). A thorough review of scientific articles and reports on food waste-based biopolymer production and its possible applications in combating the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in this chapter. The key microbes used to produce either biopolymers or their building blocks are Haloferax mediterranei, Cupravidus necator, and Lactobacillus casei Shirota. The biopolymers and components derived from these microbes can be used to produce green, biodegradable, non-woven fabrics. The flexibility and biodegradability of these biopolymers also make them suitable for applications in the medical sector. Through the process of electrospinning, such fabrics can be used to produce biodegradable personal protective equipment (PPE) and, thereby, combat COVID-19 sustainably. The implementation of food waste valorisation helps not only in managing waste and reducing environmental pollution but also in generating resources, such as medical textiles, that can meet long-term sustainable development goals on a large scale.

It is nearly 30 years since the first decisive evidence of microbial morphologies in carbonaceous chondrites was discovered and reported by Hans Dieter Pflug. In addition to morphology other data, notably laser mass spectroscopy, served to confirm the identification of such structures as putative bacterial fossils. Recent examinations of cometary dust collected in the stratosphere and further studies of carbonaceous meteorites reaffirm the presence of putative microbial fossils. Since carbonaceous chondrites (particularly Type 1 chondrites) are thought to be extinct comets the data reviewed in this article provide strong support for theories of cometary panspermia.