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We study the dynamics of minority opinion spreading using a proposed simple model, in which the exchange of views between agents is determined by a quantity named confidence scale. To understand what will promote the success of minority, two types of networks, random network and scale-free network are considered in opinion formation. We demonstrate that the heterogeneity of networks is advantageous to the minority and exchanging views between more agents will reduce the opportunity of minority's success. Further, enlarging the degree that agents trust each other, i.e. confidence scale, can increase the probability that opinions of the minority could be accepted by the majority. We also show that the minority in scale-free networks are more sensitive to the change of confidence scale than that in random networks.

Based on a systematic review of the literature, this article seeks to analyse the main questions, interpretations, and typologies for minority entrepreneurship over recent decades. To this end, we made recourse to the Scopus database for our article collection process that returned 220 articles for analysis. The results enable the identification of seven congruent research units (categories), with their own respective approaches and contributions: i) attitudes and motivations; ii) barriers and challenges; iii) interventionist policies and cultures; iv) comparisons between minorities and non-minorities; v) networks and resources; vi) impact on the local economy; vii) autonomous employment or entrepreneurship through need. This study further contributes by enabling future researchers to target their efforts on the still poorly explored shortcomings in the literature and providing a temporal overview of this theme.

This study examines the causes and dynamics in the creation of business ventures by minority nascent entrepreneurs. Minority business enterprises are an important source of job creation and innovation in the US economy, as well as economic development engines in their respective communities. However, little is understood about the unique motivations, business strategies and plans in the early stage of their venture formation. This paper utilizes the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) dataset in investigating black and Hispanic entrepreneurial entry as compared to white nascent entrepreneurs around three important dimensions: motivation, business strategy, and community resources. It is found that blacks are highly driven by a range of motivational factors while Hispanics value intergenerational inheritance and role models in business ownership. Both groups heavily focus on a niche market strategy by lowering prices, serving markets missed by others and locating close to customers. Contrary to expectation, their perceptions of community resources are not more favorable than whites. Public policy implications are discussed.

A number of solutions have been suggested for overcoming the considerable and entrenched economic and social disadvantage indigenous Australians face, including the encouragement to gain employment in the mainstream economy and to become entrepreneurs. Governments of all persuasions have implemented policies to encourage indigenous entrepreneurship; however, most appear to have had little success. To support and promote indigenous entrepreneurship effectively, it is important to identify the factors that either promote or hinder entrepreneurial endeavors. This paper reports on a study that used a qualitative research approach guided by a social constructivist paradigm to examine the experiences of Indigenous entrepreneurs in Northern New South Wales, Australia. The study results indicated that participants were found to possess characteristics of confidence, strong self-determination and ambition, and a desire to achieve. The role and influence of spouses, extended family and other role models were important determinants of entrepreneurial success, as were access to financial capital and established business networks. Above average education levels, prior industry experience and the assistance of mentors were also found to positively influence success. Lacking access to financial capital was a major hindrance. Participants also found government assistance programs confusing, unwieldy and difficult to access. Other hindrances included the presence of racism and discrimination; and difficulties reconciling business needs with the requests and needs of family, culture and community.