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Low-intensity qigong exercise has been suggested as an alternative to more vigorous exercise when striving for health benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether self-determined motivation and perceived stress are related to concentration during exercise, and to the amount of exercise carried out. Leisure-time qigong exercisers (n = 279) were assessed by using the Sport Motivation Scale, Stress and Energy Scale, and by self-rated Concentration. Exercise sessions per week, Session time, and ability to Set a time for exercise, and perceived Disturbance during exercise were also recorded. Participants who were in a Calm energy mood (low-stress, high-energy, able to set a time for exercise), displayed an increased Concentration on qi-flow (R² = 0.13) during exercise. An elevated stress-level correlated negatively with Health, Energy, Concentration, Sessions per week, Session time, Sessions performed during the previous week, ability to Set a time for exercise, and feeling Undisturbed during exercise (all p < 0.01). Intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with Concentration (0.24, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with Stress (-0.19, p < 0.05). Individuals who adhere to a regular qigong exercise regimen are more intrinsically motivated, less stressed, and more concentrated while exercising than those who do not adhere to a regular regime. This suggests that health-professionals need to be aware of these factors when prescribing qigong exercise for health benefits.

This paper presents a new SIRI propagation model based on SIR model. Behavioral motivation value and neighbor infection number influence value were added to the model to study the effects of these two quantities on behavior transmission. In order to make the model closer to the real situation, self-motivation value and neighbor influence value are added to the behavior motivation value. Compared with previous studies, our proposed experimental model is closer to the real world, improves the possibility of behavior prediction, and is validated by simulation. Finally, this paper takes Lanzhou Polytechnic University campus cartoon consumption data as an example to test and validate the model.

The key problem to creating an autonomous system is: how does the brain choose its reactions, and how are motivation determined by ongoing signals, memory and heredity. In attempts to design a robot brain, several efforts have been made to design a self-contained control system that mimics biological motivation. However, it is impossible to develop an artificial brain using conventional computer algorithms, since a conventional program cannot predict all of the possible perturbations and disturbances in the environment, and hence cannot plan strategies that allow the system to overcome these perturbations and return to an optimal state. An external programmer must constantly update the system about the proper strategies needed to overcome newly-encountered perturbations. In contradistinction, living systems demonstrate excellent goal-directed behavior without the participation of an external programmer, and without full knowledge of the external environment. Biological motivation refers to actions on the part of an organism that lead to the attainment of a specific goal. When the organism attains the goal it is in an optimal state, and no further actions are generated. A deviation from the optimum will result in a change in activity that leads to a return to the optimum. Biologic motivations arise as the result of metabolic disturbances and are related to transient injury of the specific neurons. Treatments which protect neurons satisfy motivations and exert a psychotropic action relative to relief. I have developed a novel hypothesis of how living systems achieve a goal, based on data gathered on the effects of motivation on individual neurons. I claim that if the neuron affects the non-stability of its postsynaptic targets (probably by means of motivationally-relevant substances) in the end it chooses its reaction, although at each instant it acts by chance.

This paper examines the impact of motivation (i. e., "need for achievement") and, personality traits (i. e., "individualism/collectivism", "introversion/extraversion") on entrepreneurial potential (EP). The study draws on a sample of 503 students enrolled in business courses at a university in the United Arab Emirates. Statistical analysis reveals that need for achievement is the most significant determinant of entrepreneurial potential. Extraversion is also significantly related to entrepreneurial potential. Statistical examination of interactions (i. e., combined effects) of variables reveals that entrepreneurial potential is explained by the interactive effects of need for achievement, extraversion and collectivism. Surprisingly, and contrary to general expectations, greater entrepreneurial potential is not explained by individualistic aspirations, nor is it found to be gender-related. Practical and theoretical implications of the main findings are discussed.

Service learning has been identified as a suitable approach to teach social entrepreneurship. However, in order to design service learning in an appropriate way, it is necessary to better understand why students want to become a social entrepreneur as opposed to a traditional entrepreneur. Thus, this study aims at identifying distinct student motives for preferring social entrepreneurship. According to our research, reasons typically mentioned by students who prefer a social entrepreneurship career over a commercial entrepreneurship career belonged to the following categories: impact, personal motives, and considering social and economic aspects. From this understanding, we derive recommendations for the design of service learning in social entrepreneurship programs. We hope that these recommendations will contribute to a student-oriented design of service learning that incorporates students’ own motives.

This paper explores the experiences of Ghanaian female entrepreneur’s motivation for establishing their own business and the level of support they receive from their personal social network. Findings indicate that both push and pull factors motivate Ghanaian women to start their own business; however, initial motivation for becoming an entrepreneur does not appear to determine characteristics of the dichotomous labelling in relation to networking activity engagement or business growth relationship. This paper seeks to enable decision makers in Ghana to better formulate policy and support programs aimed at creating an environment more accepting of female Ghanaian entrepreneurs, regardless of what may trigger them into pursuing entrepreneurship as a career.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the performance in two clinical tests for the endurance of deep neck flexors [Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT) and Chin Tuck Neck Flexion Test (CTNFT)] and the motivation of participants to continue and complete physical activities. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated (men/women 13/8, age 21.1$\pm$1.37 years). Participants were asked to complete the Assessment Scale for Completion of Usual Physical Activities (ASCUPA), the Short Scale of Physical Activity Motives (SSPAM), a visual analog scale for the recording of their motivation to complete a physical activity (VAS motivation) and then they performed the CCFT and CTNFT. The CCFT did not present any significant correlation with either VAS motivation or ASCUPA. The CTNFT was not significantly associated with VAS motivation, but it was significantly correlated with ASCUPA ($r_s=0.58$, $p<0.01$). Furthermore, the CTNFT was significantly correlated with the total number of motives for physical activity ($r_s=0.64$). The correlation between the performance of the two tests was not significant ($r_s=0.16$, $p>0.05$). The findings suggest that only the CTNFT is dependent on participants’ motivation to complete an activity.

When distance learning becomes more and more popular, prodding the students into high and constant motivation has been an interesting research issue these years. In this paper, we introduce a Web-based learning system which provides a dynamic interaction environment for the students to share their information with each other. The system aims to make the distance learning program a fascinating game allowing students to get their scores and ranking interactively.

The transfer of knowledge is an important task of contemporary organisations. In the knowledge-based economy, more and more organisations have increasingly recognised and encouraged the value of knowledge transfer. However, there is sometimes a tendency to horde knowledge, perhaps through fear of losing power or through uncertainty over job security. In this paper, we consider the motivators of knowledge transfer based on an empirical study carried out in part of a UK multinational, IBM Laboratories, in which the atmosphere appeared conducive to knowledge sharing, and knowledge transfer appeared voluntary and spontaneous. The paper questions why members of an organisation like IBM might be enthusiastic about the transfer of knowledge among themselves. The paper investigates the motivating factors that encourage the transfer of knowledge. A number of motivators underlying knowledge transfer are identified.

The concept of sustainable development — development which meets the needs of the present generation without depriving the needs of the future generation — has been in the lips of many political leaders, educators, NGOs and green groups. Living in the age of knowledge explosion, we want to receive the most updated information and knowledge. The Web 2.0 revolution provides the best solution to all those hungry knowledge seekers. This paper sheds light on the major resistance and motivations on sustainable knowledge sharing.

Motivation is a force that leads people to act or perform. Motivating staff is a key element in making workers productive. It has the potential to increase incentive, put staff members at ease, and derive some satisfaction from their jobs. Factors that motivate staff vary across the professional, para-professional, and non-professional levels. The research here is a study of motivation techniques used by managers of Kuwait University libraries to improve employees' job satisfaction levels. In the process, it examines techniques and issues that motivate library staff and how these differ among professionals and non-professionals. It appears that high productivity depends on the level of library workers.

In the knowledge economy, knowledge-based organisations, in particular, open a special account for their employees. Knowledge acquisition is important for organisations, because it enables them to improve their skills and creates value, credibility and competitive advantage. This research has been made to identify the motivational factors effective for knowledge acquisition and prioritise these factors, as well as providing a framework for managers to enable knowledge sharing from knowledge workers and increase their desire to overcome current problems. The organisation has been paid. The statistical population of the research is 300 managers and experts in the automotive industry, and in this research, the opinions of 20 experts have been used to analyse the results. The results were analysed using the fuzzy technique to answer the research questions. The calculations obtained by applying the proposed method show that among the six factors affecting knowledge acquisition, Behavioural factors, with a weight of 0.296, have the most impact on knowledge acquisition compared to other factors. After that, the factor of Information Technology in the organisation, with a weight of 0.17, is in second place concerning the level of influence on knowledge acquisition. Also, the Organisational Learning Criteria are ranked third with a weight of 0.165. And the factors of Organisational Culture, Reward and Structure are placed in the next priorities with weights of 0.153, 0.094 and 0.121, respectively.

Switching from traditional to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic bore the associated opportunities and challenges. The study presents the clout of Perception, Emotion, Attitude, Teacher-Student, and Peer interaction on Learner Satisfaction (LS) partially mediated by motivation among business management students of Russia, India, and Bangladesh. The psychological framework used in the study, followed by Structural Equation Modelling, displayed a significant association between all exogenous and endogenous variables. The responses from the 1008 students during the pandemic corroborate two critical learning theories, i.e. Social Constructivism and Media Richness Theory, by confirming a significant and positive relationship between attitude and motivation. The learners’ perception of the content and administration is pivotal for LS. Whereas peer learning was an important aspect in Russia and India, assisted learning was preferred by the students of Bangladesh.

Whilst the world is witnessing the impact of technology proliferation on human lives and livelihoods, the personal safety of women, though paramount, is still technologically under-addressed. This study empirically investigated the perception of Indian women ($N=$210) towards personal safety apps and their intention to accept them to ensure personal safety. This study uniquely blended the Fogg behaviour model, which comprises motives, abilities and triggers, with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which comprises perceived usefulness, ease of use and behavioural intentions. Structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 4 was used to analyse the model. Some exciting outcomes emerged from this study. The motives namely subjective norms, facilitating conditions and perceived trust, significantly impacted women’s perceived usefulness of personal safety apps, while the perceived risk was insignificant. The significant impactors of women’s perceived ease-of-use of personal safety apps include the abilities of self-efficacy and technology stress, but exclude perceived behavioural control. With regard to the trigger, only response efficacy impacted women’s behavioural intentions to use personal safety apps, while the magnitude of noxiousness and exposure expectancy did not. Women’s perception of the usefulness and ease of use of personal safety apps significantly impacted their behavioural intentions, ultimately impacting their perception of personal safety. Further, this study presented implications to theory and practice before concluding by stating research limitations and future directions.

Online communities (OCs) have become an important source for identifying the needs and problems of users, supporting companies in innovation. This development was fostered by IT/Internet technologies and has also been strengthened through recent social changes in user behavior within "Web 2.0." In contrast to its growing relevance, user innovation activities within OCs are still underexplored. Companies that wish to successfully utilize and integrate innovative OC members into their NPD process need a better understanding of the drivers and changes of user motivation in such communities. In this paper we analyze, categorize and integrate different motivational factors that play a major role here and develop several propositions concerning motivation within innovation communities.

Networked innovation is a specific form of open innovation, i.e. the collaboration of two or more companies as partners. A longitudinal research project was set up to explore this innovation form on different organizational levels. In an exploratory study, nine companies were interviewed about the way they carried out networked innovation projects. This paper focuses on the following results: their motivation to partake in networked innovation, the way they find partners, the start of an innovation project and the used processes.

Increasing digitalization and new technological possibilities also entail substantial changes for working methods in the B2B (business-to-business) environment in banking. In this context, the concept of co-creation is critical. Although this concept and the motivation factors behind it have been thoroughly investigated in the B2C (business-to-consumer) sector, only a few research results exist for the B2B context. This study aims to bridge the current knowledge gap and investigate individuals’ motivation to participate in B2B co-creation. By using a case study and qualitative interviews, this study focuses on two aspects: (a) It reveals how a co-creation measure is used in practice in the B2B environment; and (b) it provides information on the motivation factors and outcome from the point of view of the participants in the B2B co-creation project. The paper concludes with an integrative model of the main motivation factors behind B2B co-creation and their effects.

Virtual reality (VR) offers the opportunity to create virtual worlds that could replace real experiences. This research investigates the influence of user motivation, temporal distance and experience type on the satisfaction with the VR experience, and the degree of acceptance of a VR experience as a substitute for a real experience. The results suggest that the degree of acceptance of a VR experience as a substitute for a real experience is higher for passive VR experiences compared to active VR experiences. Furthermore, the results support the assumption that users are more satisfied with passive VR experiences.

This study assesses the motivations, perceived success factors and business problems experienced by entrepreneurs in Vietnam. It also compares the results between the northern and southern regions of the country. Using data from a survey of 378 Vietnamese entrepreneurs in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, results show that Vietnamese entrepreneurs are motivated by the ability to provide jobs for themselves and family members, to gain public recognition, and to prove they can successfully run a business of their own. Important perceived entrepreneurial success factors include friendliness toward customers and a good product at a good price while significant business problems include too much competition, unreliable employees and the inability to obtain both short-term and long-term capital. Results also show a number of city/regional differences in motivation, success factors and perceived success. Implications for policymakers in Vietnam and other emerging economies are also presented.

Three hundred and fifty-six entrepreneurs from Kenya and Ghana were surveyed to determine their motivation for business ownership, variables contributing to their business success, and the problems they encountered. Kenyan and Ghanaian entrepreneurs indicated that increasing their income and creating jobs for themselves were leading factors motivating them to become business owners. Hard work and good customer service were cited by both Kenyan and Ghanaian business owners as critical for their success. But, compared to the Kenyan entrepreneurs, Ghanaians weighed support from family and friends and external relationship building as more important. A weak economy is the most important problem preventing entrepreneurs of both countries from achieving their goals. Ghanaian entrepreneurs were more concerned about the inability to obtain capital, while Kenyan entrepreneurs were more concerned about government regulations and problems related to business location.