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Multi-hop teleportation is a quantum teleportation scheme for transferring quantum states on a large scale. In this paper, a new multi-hop teleportation protocol is investigated for transferring arbitrary N-qubit states between M-neighbor nodes. In this scheme, intermediate nodes are connected with each other by symmetric entangled Bell states as quantum channels. First, one-hop teleportation of single-qubit, two-qubit and N-qubit states are introduced, then this method is generalized to two-hop and multi-hop teleportation for N-qubit. Also, we calculate the efficiency of this scheme.

Consuming energy at the maximal level is a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many researchers focus on reducing and preserving the energy. The duration of active network of WSNs is affected by energy consumption of sensor nodes. For typical applications such as structure monitoring, border surveillance, integrated into the external surface of a pipeline, and clambered along the sustaining structure of a bridge, sensor node energy efficiency is an important issue. The paper proposed an energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol using hybrid optimization algorithm (E²MR-HOA) for WSNs. The proposed routing protocol consists of two algorithms, i.e., hybrid optimization algorithm. We present modified chemical reaction optimization (MCRO) algorithm to form clusters and select cluster head (CH) among the cluster members. Then the modified bacterial forging search (MBFS) algorithm is used to compute reliable route between source to destination. The proposed E²MR-HOA protocol is evaluated using NS2 simulations. The simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol provides significant energy efficiency with network lifetime over the existing routing protocols.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with limited energy resource demand the implementation of energy-efficient techniques in applications. Recently, the scheme based on cooperative MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output) has been proposed to enhance energy saving in WSNs. In this paper, we analyze the performance of energy consumption of inter-cluster communication based on cooperative MIMO techniques in cluster-based WSNs, and then propose a novel method to optimize the energy consumption analysis by changing the network topology into an equivalent double-string topology which can be easily solved by using optimization programming problem in SISO (Single-Input-Single-Output) system model, where cooperating nodes within each MIMO scheme transmission steps are treated as a virtual node. The simulation results show that our proposed data transmission with cooperative MIMO scheme outperforms the protocol without MIMO techniques significantly in terms of energy, lifetime and delay in multi-hop WSNs.

This chapter presents IEEE 802.11s, an emerging standard for wireless mesh networks (WMNs). IEEE 802.11s proposes multi-hop forwarding at the MAC level, which is a new approach for building WMNs. Traditional solutions for WMNs use network-level routing protocols to allow multi-hop forwarding among wireless mesh nodes. IEEE 802.11s specifies multi-hop MAC functions for mesh nodes using a mandatory path selection mechanism named HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) and also provides a path selection framework for alternative mechanisms and future extensions. This chapter discusses the emerging standard details and compares this new solution for WMNs to traditional ones.

Multi-hop communication will become an important technology to reduce energy consumption and prolong network lifetime in wireless sensor network(WSN). One of the major causes for energy consumption is the radio transmission energy, which is proportional to the 2nd or 4th power of the transmission distance in general. Communication between two nodes can be further broadened to multi-hop communications in which a node may help other nodes communicate with each other. In this paper, we research a scenario of multi-hop communication where one node may help other node to transmit data. We derive the average energy efficiency under Rayleigh fading channels, and compare with single-hop communication.