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Pathogen diseases cause considerable loses in production of food which impact human health from diverse bacterial/viral infections. Precise spotting and diagnosis of such infectious disease is significant to prevent it from further outbreak issues. Moreover, to detect this kind of diseases at an early stage with highly sensitive and selective basis is necessary to avoid the spread of invasive pathogens. The conventional methods such as ELISA, PCR techniques are currently in use to diagnose bacterial/viral disease with high throughput. Though these diagnostic techniques assist in detect and identify the diseases, there are few modern challenges to be meet in order to make this diagnostic more effective in recent days. In this paper, our designed device consists of Bionanosensor works on nucleic acid-based testing provides result with high specificity and selectivity which is vital for early stage identification in a rapid real-time effective manner

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, characterized by cartilage damage, synovial inflammation, subchondral bone sclerosis, marginal bone loss, and osteophyte development. Clinical manifestations include inflammatory joint pain, swelling, osteophytes, and limitation of motion. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis has not yet been fully uncovered. With ongoing research, however, it has been gradually determined that OA is not caused solely by mechanical injury or aging, but rather involves chronic low-grade inflammation, metabolic imbalances, dysfunctional adaptive immunity, and alterations in central pain processing centers. The main risk factors for OA include obesity, age, gender, genetics, and sports injuries. In recent years, extensive research on gut microbiota has revealed that gut dysbiosis is associated with some common risk factors for OA, and that it may intervene in its pathogenesis through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Therefore, gut flora imbalance as a pathogenic factor in OA has become a hotspot topic of research, with potential therapeutic connotations. In this paper, we review the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of OA, describe its relationship with common OA risk factors, and address candidate gut microbiota markers for OA diagnosis. In addition, with focus on OA therapies, we discuss the effects of direct and indirect interventions targeting the gut microbiota, as well as the impact of gut bacteria on the efficacy of OA drugs.

Introduction: Tendinopathy is a pathology of tendons of multifactorial origin displayed clinically as chronic degenerative tissue resulting in dysfunction and painful musculoskeletal system. Genetic implications in tendinopathy are not fully elucidated. Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism has been investigated for potential role in several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. This study aims at investigating Hp polymorphism potential association with chronic tendinopathy in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study, of 101 patients diagnosed with chronic tendinopathy and 104 age and gender matched controls, was employed and Hpphenotypes distributions were determined using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. Results: showed a significant association between tendinopathy cases and controls in relation to Hpphenotypes frequencies (Fisher’s Exact Test, $p=0.001$). Odd ratios showed that the odds of tendinopathy cases in Hp2.1 group were reduced while odds in Hp2.2 and Hp1.1 were increased by 3.22 and 7.34 times, respectively, as likely compared to the controls. Conclusion: Results suggested that Hppolymorphism might play a role in chronic tendinopathy genesis.

In clarifying the pathogenesis of an acromial spur formation, sixty macerated whole body skeletons were studied by utilizing visual measurement. The criterion for judging the presence of spurs was determined as spurs: >3 mm. Spur formation at eight different extra-spinal skeletal bones was measured bilaterally. Additionally, the morphological features of acromial spurs were classified.

Comparative study on the paired acromial spur, both in the length and the morphology, was demonstrated to be significantly symmetric. Moreover, in the case of bilateral giant acromial spur presence: >4 mm, three out of six were associated with skeletal hyperostosis.

Impingement and overuse have been considered to be the common preceding factors in acromial spurs. Based on our study, two additional factors might be proposed. It may either be due to a local finding of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or to intrinsic factors.

Current and Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).

International Collaborative Research Program focusing on Aging.

Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA).

Clinical Trials in our Real World.

Ophthalmology Workforce Planning and Projection – A New Integrated Approach.

ASIA – Gene mutation discovered to cause severe growth retardation in newly discovered disease.

ASIA – Singapore scientists make major breakthrough to treat fibrotic diseases that cause organ impairment and failure.

ASIA – DcR3 is the key factor of endometriosis.

ASIA – Singapore Volition signs MOU with National Taiwan University to conduct two large clinical studies.

EUROPE & CIS – NPL relaunches to accelerate access to new health innovations.

EUROPE & CIS – The hard truth about Eczema: It’s something in the water.

EUROPE & CIS – Gastric acid suppressant lansoprazole may target tuberculosis.

EUROPE & CIS – Long-term aspirin use reduces incidence of digestive cancers by up to 47 per cent.

AMERICAS – Rockefeller University biologist Michael W. Young honored with Nobel Prize for pioneering studies on circadian rhythm.

AMERICAS – Ohio physicians contribute to groundbreaking stroke research.

AMERICAS – A poorly explored immune cell may impact cancer immunity and immunotherapy.

AMERICAS – Superbugs have a new foe.

AMERICAS – Approved drug or herbal treatment: How to choose?

The following topics are under this section:

• New Mechanism in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease for Possible Therapeutic Targets
• Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Undergoing Rapid Intensification
• New Methodology for Determining Molecular Chemical Structure
• Chinese Academy of Sciences Showcase Thousand-ton Scale Solar Fuel Synthesis
• Insights to DNA Sequence of African Swine Fever Virus
• Developing Beijing’s Modern Science City
• China Completes Construction of Hospital in Record Time to Combat Wuhan Virus

This study was undertaken to elucidate the cytokine response in chicken infected with strains of avian reovirus (ARV) S1133 and 2408. The expression levels of cytokine mRNA in the spleen and viral S1 RNA in various tissues at 1.5 and 2.5 days post inoculation (dpi) were examined using real-time quantitative PCR. Among the cytokines examined, the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10 and iNOS at 2.5 dpi were significantly upregulated and higher in chickens infected with strain 2408 than in chickens infected with strain S1133, particularly IL-6 and IFN-γ. A significantly higher levels of viral S1 RNA were detected in the examined tissues from chickens infected with strain 2408 than with strain S1133 over the experimental course, among which the foot pad and spleen were more predominant. The highest levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA expression correlated with the viral S1 RNA levels in the spleen and the marked clinical diseases and gross lesions, suggesting that IL-6 and IFN-γ may play a role in the pathogenesis of ARV infection.

We review the potential effects and mechanisms of vitamin D (VD) in patients with BPPV-associated anxiety and depression, offering a new perspective for treating the population. Methods: Through a systematic review of existing literature, we analyzed the relationship between VD and comorbid anxiety and depression in BPPV, with a particular focus on neuroendocrine-immune modulation, genetic polymorphisms, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Results: A comprehensive analysis indicates a significant correlation between low levels of VD and the occurrence, recurrence of BPPV, and the comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression. VD may exert protective effects against BPPV-associated anxiety and depression by regulating neuroendocrine and immune responses, influencing gene expression, and alleviating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Conclusion: This review suggests that monitoring VD levels and appropriate supplementation could be crucial for the treatment of patients with BPPV comorbid with anxiety and depression. More research should further validate the specific mechanisms of action of VD and its clinical application value to provide more scientific guidance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders accompanying BPPV.

Salmonellosis (diseases caused by Salmonella species) have several clinical manifestations, ranging from gastroenteritis (food poisoning) to typhoid (enteric) fever and bacteraemia. Salmonella species (especially Salmonella typhimurium) also represent organisms that can be readily used to investigate the complex interplay that occurs between a pathogen and its host, both in vitro and in vivo. The ease with which S. typhimurium can be cultivated and genetically manipulated, in combination with the availability of tissue culture models and animal models, has made S. typhimurium a desirable organism for such studies. In this review, we focus on Salmonella interactions with its host cells, both in tissue culture (in vitro) and in relevant animal models (in vivo), and compare results obtained using these different models. The recent advent of sophisticated imaging and molecular genetic tools has facilitated studying the events that occur in disease, thereby confirming tissue culture results, yet identifying new questions that need to be addressed in relevant disease settings.

Microbial pathogens possess a repertoire of virulence determinants that each make unique contributions to fitness during infection. Analysis of these in vivo-expressed functions reveals the biology of the infection process, encompassing the bacterial infection strategies and the host ecological and environmental retaliatory strategies designed to combat them (e.g. thermal, osmotic, oxygen, nutrient and acid stress). Many of the bacterial virulence functions that contribute to a successful infection are normally only expressed during infection. A genetic approach was used to isolate mutants that ectopically expressed many of these functions in a laboratory setting. Lack of DNA adenine methylase (Dam) in Salmonella typhimurium abolishes the preferential expression of many bacterial virulence genes in host tissues. Dam^-Salmonella were proficient in colonization of mucosal sites but were defective in colonization of deeper tissue sites. Additionally, Dam^- mutants were totally avirulent and effective as live vaccines against murine typhoid fever. Since dam is highly conserved in many pathogenic bacteria that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, Dams are potentially excellent targets for both vaccines and antimicrobials.

Recent innovations have increased enormously the opportunities for investigating the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenicity, including the availability of whole-genome sequences, techniques for identifying key virulence genes, and the use of microarrays and proteomics. These methods should provide powerful tools for analysing the patterns of gene expression and function required for investigating hostmicrobe interactions in vivo. But, the challenge is exacting. Pathogenicity is a complex phenotype and the reductionist approach does not adequately address the eclectic and variable outcomes of hostmicrobe interactions, including evolutionary dynamics and ecological factors. There are difficulties in distinguishing bacterial 'virulence' factors from the many determinants that are permissive for pathogenicity, for example those promoting general fitness. A further practical problem for some of the major bacterial pathogens is that there are no satisfactory animal models or experimental assays that adequately reflect the infection under investigation. In this review, we give a personal perspective on the challenge of characterizing how bacterial pathogens behave in vivo and discuss some of the methods that might be most relevant for understanding the molecular basis of the diseases for which they are responsible. Despite the powerful genomic, molecular, cellular and structural technologies available to us, we are still struggling to come to grips with the question of 'What is a pathogen?'

Pathogen diseases cause considerable loses in production of food which impact human health from diverse bacterial/viral infections. Precise spotting and diagnosis of such infectious disease is significant to prevent it from further outbreak issues. Moreover, to detect this kind of diseases at an early stage with highly sensitive and selective basis is necessary to avoid the spread of invasive pathogens. The conventional methods such as ELISA, PCR techniques are currently in use to diagnose bacterial/viral disease with high throughput. Though these diagnostic techniques assist in detect and identify the diseases, there are few modern challenges to be meet in order to make this diagnostic more effective in recent days. In this paper, our designed device consists of Bionanosensor works on nucleic acid-based testing provides result with high specificity and selectivity which is vital for early stage identification in a rapid real-time effective manner

Despite the tremendous progress that has been made in elucidating the molecular biology, virology, and immunology of HIV-1 infection, some of the most basic questions about how this virus causes disease remain unanswered. In this review, I outline seven problems relating to HIV-1 infection that might be addressed by computational biologists. Solutions to these problems would contribute significantly to our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and improved treatments for HIV-1 infections.

Recently, we proposed that human germ cell tumors (GCTs) can be classified into five entities, each characterized by histology, clinical behavior, age of the patient at clinical presentation, and genomic constitution. Within the testis, three of these entities can be found: type I GCTs (teratomas and yolk sac tumors of neonates and infants), type II GCTs (seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors of adolescents and young adults), and type III GCTs (spermatocytic seminomas). These three types of GCTs each represents a specific stage of normal germ cell development, for which knowledge has revealed the identification of informative markers for (early) diagnosis. Moreover, this difference in origin most likely also explains their characteristic variation in developmental potential of the tumors, i.e. the capacity to form the different lineages of differentiation. This is nicely illustrated by the value of the markers PLAP, c-KIT, and more recently OCT3/4-POU5F1 for the seminomatous and undifferentiated cell type of nonseminomatous tumors (embryonal carcinoma); and XPA, SCP1, and SSX for spermatocytic seminomas. The seminomas and nonseminomas originate from a transformed primordial germ cell/gonocyte — known as carcinoma in situ (CIS)/intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified (ITGCNU) — representing an erased germ cell. The derived tumors are indeed omnipotent, as recently shown by the possible generation of the germ cell lineage within the tumor itself. In contrast, the spermatocytic seminoma represents a spermatocyte (a more mature germ cell of the spermatogenic lineage), which has already undergone partial paternal imprinting. This tumor is highly restricted in its developmental potential. Type I GCTs most likely originate from a partially erased embryonic germ cell. The three types of germ cell tumors have different pathogeneses, related to different risk factors and genomic changes. The latter are diagnostic on their own, but also facilitate identification of the gene or genes involved in the genesis of the cancer. While type I teratomas do not show genomic imbalances, type I yolk sac tumors show consistent genomic changes, including loss of 1p, 4, and 6q, and gain of 1q and 20q. Type II GCTs (including the teratomas) are always aneuploid with loss of 4, 5, 11, 13, 18, and Y, and gain of 7, 8, 12p, and X as recurrent anomalies. While all invasive type II GCTs show additional copies of the short arm of chromosome 12, this is not consistently found in CIS/ITGCNU and is therefore progression-related. The tumor cells of spermatocytic seminomas typically have a diploid, a tetraploid, and a hypertetraploid DNA content. In addition, gain of chromosome 9 is the only consistent anomaly found so far.

Charcot joint disease (CJD) or neuropathic joint is a progressive musculoskeletal condition that is characterised by severe damage and disruption of the joints and surrounding bones as a result of loss of sensation in the joint. It is a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild changes identifiable only on radiological examination to gross deformities of the foot easily detectable on both clinical and radiological examination. CJD can involve any joint. However, in the lower extremity, it occurs most commonly in the foot and ankle regions. The clinical phases of CJD — acute phase, bone destruction/deformity phase and stabilisation phase, and the investigations for CJD are discussed. The radiographic patterns/phases of CJD — fragmentation, coalescence and reconstruction phases are also presented. Finally, the chapter discusses the various classifications used for CJD ranging from Eichenholtz classification system to Brodsky's system (most widely used) and Saunders and Mrdjencovich anatomical classification system. The most common level of involvement are in Lisfranc's tarsometatarsal joints (40%) and in the intertarsal joints (30%) — naviculocuneiform, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints.

Ayurveda and Chinese medicine has quite similar concept of health and disease. Each person has a separate body constitution in physical, mental, emotional and spiritual faculties. So, the treatment is individual specific and not common as in the case of modern medicine. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners treats the patient, not the disease and thus, assures a complete cure. Equilibrium in three humours, seven structural elements and proper evacuation of three waste products ensures good health and imbalance causes disease. The traditional medical practitioner has to maintain the equilibrium for a good health.