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The article presents a dynamic model of exchange, production, and consumption. In a dynamic world, complicated predictions often have to be made. Thus, in this article, the classical exchange model is expanded with a dynamic model specifying the intermediate states toward a static equilibrium, which may or may not be reached. A price mechanism was necessary to develop in order to describe these changes over time. The model is illustrated with two examples of the emergence of division of labor. The robustness of the dynamic model is tested with sensitivity analysis.

The article formulates a dynamic mathematical model where arbitrarily many players produce, consume, exchange, loan, and deposit arbitrarily many goods over time to maximize utility. Consuming goods constitutes a benefit, and producing, exporting, and loaning away goods constitute a cost. Utilities are benefits minus costs, which depend on the exchange ratios and bargaining functions. Three-way exchange occurs when one player acquires, through exchange, one good from another player with the sole purpose of using this good to exchange against the desired good from a third player. Such a triple handshake is not merely a set of double handshakes since the player assigns no interest to the first good in his benefit function. Cognitive and organization costs increase dramatically for higher order exchanges. An exchange theory accounting for media of exchange follows from simple generalization of two-way exchange. The examples of r-way exchange are the triangle trade between Africa, the USA, and England in the 17th and 18th centuries, the hypothetical hypercycle involving RNAs as players and enzymes as goods, and reaction–diffusion processes. The emergence of exchange, and the role of trading agents are discussed. We simulate an example where two-way exchange gives zero production and zero utility, while three-way exchange causes considerable production and positive utility. Maximum utility for each player is reached when exchanges of the same order as the number of players in society are allowed. The article merges micro theory and macro theory within the social, natural, and physical sciences.

This paper provides a mathematical description based on the theory of differential equations, for the dynamics of lactate production and removal. Analytical and numerical results for training/exercise of endurance of athletes are presented based on the common concept of training impulse (Trimp). The relationships between activity, production rate, and removal strategies of lactate are studied. Parameters are estimated from published data. A model for optimum removal of lactate after exercise is developed. The model provides realistic predictions when compared with experimental results. We show some specific examples for the usefulness of the mathematical model by studying some recent problems discussed in the literature. (a) Is interval exercise more beneficial than steady-state exercise? (b) What is the optimum aerobic power during recovery? We discuss whether steady-state exercise gives higher Trimp than interval exercise, when imposing an upper boundary for the lactate concentration as a constraint. The model allows for testing all imaginable kinds of steady-state and interval exercises in search of the optimal exercise regime for individuals with various kinds of characteristics. In general, the dynamic model constitute a powerful tool describing the processes by which the concentration of lactate can be studied and controlled to decrease fatigue and increase endurance.

In this paper, realistic production-inventory models with shortages for a deteriorating item with imprecise preparation time for production (hereafter called preparation time) has been formulated and an inventory policy is proposed for maximum profit in a finite time horizon. Here, the rate of production is constant, demand depends on selling price, marketing cost, and inventory level, and setup cost depends on preparation time. The imprecise preparation time is assumed to be represented by a fuzzy number and is first transformed to a corresponding interval number and then following interval mathematics, the objective function for total profit over the finite time horizon is changed to respective multi-objective functions. These functions are maximized and solved for a set of Pareto optimal solution with the help of the weighted sum method using the generalized reduced gradient technique. Different case studies have been made depending upon the occurrence of shortages. The models have been illustrated by numerical data. Pareto-optimal solutions for different weights are obtained and presented in tables and graphs.

This paper presents a stylized model to determine the optimal strategy for the integrated supplier-retailer inventory model under the condition that both the supplier and retailer have adopted a trade credit strategy. By analyzing the total channel profit function, we develop an algorithm to simultaneously determine the retailer's optimal order quantity and the number of shipment per production run from the supplier to the retailer. Our results demonstrate that the trade credit strategy is effective to supply chain system performance when customers are sensitive to the credit period length offered by the retailer. Moreover, when customers are sensitive to the credit period, if the retailer conveys partial advantage gained from the trade credit offered by the supplier to customers by suitably adjusting the customer's credit period then the entire system and every channel partner can benefit.

A single item, single cycle economic production quantity model for perishable products is proposed where the demand is two-component and stock dependent. The production inventory scenario of products like cake, bread, fast foods, fishes, garments, cosmetics etc in the festival season is considered. The profit function is formulated under the assumption that the time period of the festival seasons is fixed and the display capacity of the produced item is limited. In the formulation process, to introduce more flexibility, a goal programming technique is incorporated to achieve the producer's desired profit and stock of as much inventory as possible below the display capacity level. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis of the model is also carried out.

Many companies are facing the challenges of dynamic market and capital shortage. To overcome these challenges, we examine the case in which the company develops early sales strategy that entices customers to commit to their orders at a discount price prior to the selling season. The time between payment and fulfillment of these pre-committed orders provides an opportunity for the company to "lock" part of market demand and relieve the company's procurement budgetary constraint. This paper evaluates the benefits of the early sales strategy. Firstly, we provide a novel method to compute the optimal discount rate of the early sales strategy; comparative static analysis of parameters (e.g., market size, sensitivity level of the market responding to price change, and the probability of a customer purchasing the company's product) toward the optimal discount rate is also investigated. Secondly, we investigate the model of the early sales where the company is with procurement budgetary constraint. It is theoretically proved that the optimal discount rate in the model is larger than that without the constraint. Computational study demonstrates that early sales can significantly relieve the budgetary shortage, and substantially increase the expected profit.

This paper studies the joint stock and production capacity rationing polices for a make-to-stock system with two partially substitutable products manufactured at two factories, respectively. Customers are classified into three types with each type further segmented into multiple classes. Type I and Type II customers are selective and accept their favorite products only. Type III accepts either of the two products and hence its demand is regarded as the flexible demand. The management has to decide whether to run or stop production and whether the various classes of demand for each type of customers have to be satisfied from available inventory or not — in which case demand is lost — in order to minimize the firm’s inventory and production costs. We formulate the problem as a make-to-stock queue system and characterize the optimal joint stock and production rationing policies as monotone switching curves. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the optimal policies and demonstrate the value of flexible demand. Moreover, we develop a simple heuristic policy and compare the costs associated with the optimal and heuristic policies for different parameters.

Based on the hard-scattering factorization which decomposes the diffractive structure function into a pomeron flux and a pomeron structure function, we study the single diffractive production in polarized pp scattering: , which will be observed at forthcoming RHIC experiment. By analyzing the cross-section and correlation of the spin polarization between the initial proton and produced , we found that the process might be effective for testing both hard-scattering factorization and models of the polarized gluon distribution in the proton.

TALYS 1.0 code was used to calculate excitation function for proton induced on ^85/87/natRb, ⁸⁹Y and ^88/87/86Sr targets that lead to produce ⁸⁵Sr radioisotope using low and medium energy accelerators. Recommended thickness of the targets according to SRIM code was investigated. Theoretical integral yields for any reaction were computed. The results were compared with experimental data. ⁸⁵Rb(p, n)⁸⁵Sr process was determined as most interesting one due to radionuclidic purity. The TALYS 1.0 code predicts a maximum cross-section of about 798 mb at 11 MeV for this reaction.

The HARP experiment at CERN is performing extensive measurements of hadron production cross sections and secondary particle yields in the energy range 1.5-15 GeV over the full solid angle, using a large set of cryogenic and solid targets. The hadron production in this region is a relevant ingredient in several branches of neutrino physics, including the characterization of neutrino beams, precise prediction of atmospheric neutrino fluxes, and quantification of pion production and capture for neutrino factory design. An overall precision of a few percent is required from the experiment to reach the final aim. The experimental layout comprises two spectrometers to perform momentum measurement of the secondaries produced in the target. The track momentum reconstruction in the spectrometers is complemented by a set of particle identification detectors that allow, with some redundancy, the particle type discrimination. Approximately 30 TB of data corresponding to 420 millions of events have been collected. The measurements of hadron production cross sections in the forward region (up to about 250 mrad) are reported using the K2K replica targets and a proton beam of 12.9 GeV/c. This is an appealing physics case given the immediate interest for those experiments and for the neutrino community.

Studies on the decay and production of meson are briefly reviewed. Considering RUN-II of Tevatron and the schedule of LHC, the theoretical studies of B_c meson will jump to a new stage not only for itself but also to implement the studies of the heavy quarkonia etc.

In this conference presentation I discuss CLEO-c opportunities in Dalitz plot analyzes with the data samples available now and projected by the end of CESR-c run. Using 281 pb^-1 of e⁺e^- collisions at mass of ψ(3770) we present results of the Dalitz plot analysis of D⁺ → π^-π⁺π⁺. Using the CLEO-c and CLEO III samples of 5 pb^-1, accrued at mass of ψ(2S), we study three body decays of χ_cJ produced in the radiative decay ψ(2S) → γχ_cJ, where J=0,1,2. A clear signal from at least one of χ_cJ is found in eight final states: π⁺π^-η, π⁺π^-η′, K⁺K^-π⁰, , ηK⁺K^-, , , and . For these modes we measured or set an upper limit on the branching fraction. A Dalitz plot analysis is performed on three modes χ_c1 → π⁺π^-η, K⁺K^-π⁰, and .

We study the pair production of new heavy leptons within a new U(1)′ symmetry extension of the Standard Model. Because of the new symmetry, the production and decay modes of the new heavy leptons would be different from those of three families of the standard model. The pair production cross-sections depending on the mixing parameter and the mass of heavy leptons have been calculated for the center-of-mass energies of 0.5 TeV, 1 TeV and 3 TeV. The accessible ranges of the parameters have been obtained for different luminosity projections at linear colliders. The search can be performed within the range of mixing parameter -1<x<-0.35 and 0.05<x<1, given that the heavy lepton mass M_l′ = 400 GeV at and L_int = 100 fb^-1. We find the sensitivity to the range of mixing parameter -1<x<1 for the mass range M_l′<800 GeV at and L_int = 100 fb^-1.

We present a review of heavy flavor physics results from the CDF and DØ Collaborations operating at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. A summary of results from Run 1 is included, but we concentrate on legacy results of charm and b physics from Run 2, including results up to Summer 2014.

In this paper, some multi-item imperfect production-inventory models without shortages for defective and deteriorating items with uncertain/imprecise holding and production costs and resource constraint have been formulated and solved for optimal production. Here, the rate of production is assumed to be a function of time and considered as a control variable. Also the demand is time dependent and known. Uncertain or imprecise space constraint is also considered. The uncertain and imprecise holding and production costs are represented by uncertain and fuzzy variables respectively. These are converted to crisp constraint/numbers using uncertain measure theory for uncertain variable and possibility/necessity measure for fuzzy variable. The multi-item production inventory model is formulated as a constrained single objective cost minimization problem with the help of global criteria method. The reduced problem is then solved using Kuhn-Tucker conditions and generalized reduced gradient(GRG-LINGO 10.0) technique. Form the general model, models for particular cases with different production and demand functions are derived. Models for a single item are also presented. The optimum results for different models are presented in both tabular and graphical forms. Sensitivity analysis of average cost for the general model with respect to the changes in holding and production costs are presented.

This study applies imperfect production processes to obtain in-control state by production correction and reorganization. Production processes are classified into two types of state: one is the type I state (out-of-control state) and the other is the type II state (in-control state). The type I state involves adjustment of the production mechanism. Production correction is either imperfect; worsening a production system, or perfect, returning it to "in-control" conditions. After N type I states, the operating system must be reorganized and returned to the beginning condition. At the beginning of the production of the each renewal cycle, the state of the process is not always to be restored to "in-control". The mean loss cost until "in-control" state, is determined. The existence of a unique and finite optimal N for an imperfect process under certain reasonable conditions is shown. A numerical example is presented.

In this article, a new profit function based on a surrogate variable of its performance variable is provided to develop an optimum screening procedure for manufacturing. The optimum screening procedure helps producers set up the mean level of manufacturing and the screening limits of a surrogate variable to reach a maximum expected profit per unit. The proposed method is useful when the products in the manufacturing process are classified into different grades and sold in two alternate markets. A cement-packing example is used to illustrate the proposed method, and a numerical study is conducted to evaluate the effects of cost components and distribution parameters on the expected profit per unit. The proposed screening procedure provides a significant improvement over existing methods in term of higher expected profit per unit.

China Sky One Medical Develops Propyl Gallate Injection.

Future Directions and Growth of Biotechnology in China: An Analysis

Potential Abounds, Biotechnology Research in China

Biotechnology Parks: China into the Next Future