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It is a common belief that the behavior of shareholders depends upon the direction of price fluctuations: if prices increase they buy, if prices decrease they sell. That belief, however, is more based on "common sense" than on facts. In this paper, we present evidence for a specific class of shareholders which shows that the actual behavior of shareholders can be markedly different. For instance, they may continue to buy despite a prolonged fall in prices or they may sell even though prices climb. A closer analysis shows that a substantial proportion of investors are more influenced by the "general social climate" than by actual price changes. The percentage of speculative investors who optimize their portfolio on a monthly basis can be estimated and turns out to be about 5 to 10%. The results presented in this paper can be of usefulness in order to test the assumptions or the results of market simulations and models.

This paper involves developing financial utility function that considers compliance to a certain qualitative characteristic and studies the impact on market equilibrium prices, should this criterion be Sharia compliance, fair-trade, environmental, social and governance principles or other ethical aspect. The goal is to show that individual utility can depend on other parameters than wealth and risk aversion, that therefore influence equilibrium market prices. This has been done by examining a possible utility function that takes into account individual sensitivity to the criterion and the intrinsic quality of compliance of this parameter. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed utility function, a simulation is made using agent-based approach with NetLogo platform. Upon examination of the impact of these parameters, it becomes clear that compliance to a qualitative characteristic would impact individual utility, supply and demand and result in equilibrium prices. This research highlights the importance of ethical arguments on individual decision making and how markets behave to this.

E-commerce over the Internet has become an attractive means of conducting business in today's world. However, the principles of classical economics demand a fresh insight before they can be adapted to the market structure presented by the Internet. Here, we investigate markets for goods that are characterized by an experience-limited supply curve. We propose an algorithm that maximizes the welfare in the e-market by maximizing the combined profit of the buyers and sellers. For this, the buyers and sellers must reveal their value and cost curves to a trusted intermediary who can determine the transaction that maximizes their joint welfare. We show that accurate revelation of hidden profits offers better incentives, both to the buyers and the sellers, than inaccurate or incomplete revelation.

Population aging is one of the most important demographic trends facing countries worldwide. This trend is expected to have significant implications for long-term care (LTC) systems, which typically provide health and social services for individuals needing care over a prolonged period of time. Demographic trends are expected to generate increased demand for and spending on LTC services, increased requirements for both formal and informal caregivers, increased affordability concerns for LTC care recipients, and higher expectations from citizens, patients and families about access to and quality of LTC.

This chapter considers the economic and policy implications of an aging population for LTC systems, including the factors that will drive demand for and expenditure on LTC. It draws on international comparative analysis and lessons learned from other country experiences about options for financing, delivering and regulating high-quality, accessible and appropriate LTC. The chapter concludes with evidence-informed reflections on the future of LTC, including policy options to improve the quality, efficiency and value-for-money of an increasingly high-priority sector.

Electrification ratio for developing countries is still a big problem, especially in rural areas which are scattered over huge geographic distances, like Indonesia. The solar energy is a big resources in equator area, but it still not utilize maximally. The solar power like photovoltaics (PV) can be analyze to solve those problems for increasing electrification ratio. This paper aims to study about the possibility to leverage in utilizing PV as energy source in Indonesia. We use supply and demand with the value chain analysis to conduct the preliminary study. This paper describes a comparative analysis between Indonesia and global for the supply and demand, value chain, and the economic analysis. From those analysis, we can describe the comparation system of PV in Indonesia and in the global area, the possibility application of PV.