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Rule-based systems are typically tested using a set of inputs which will produce known outputs. However, one does not know how thoroughly the software has been exercised. Traditional test-coverage metrics do not account for the dynamic data-driven flow of control in rule-based systems. Our literature review found that there has been little prior work on coverage metrics for rule-based systems. This paper proposes test-coverage metrics for rule-based systems derived from metrics defined by prior work, and presents an industrial scale case study.

We conducted a case study to evaluate the practicality and usefulness of the proposed metrics. The case study applied the metrics to a system for computational fluid-dynamics models based on a rule-based application framework. These models were tested using a regression-test suite. The data-flow structure built by the application framework, along with the regression-test suite, provided case-study data. The test suite was evaluated against three kinds of coverage. The measurements indicated that complete coverage was not achieved, even at the lowest level definition. Lists of rules not covered provided insight into how to improve the test suite. The case study illustrated that structural coverage measures can be utilized to measure the completeness of rule-based system testing.

This paper provides an introduction to how, on the basis of concepts from fuzzy logic, a model of asset allocation can be constructed which can represent and aggregate all the relevant quantitative and qualitative features of an investment plan realistically and in this way attains comparatively good recommendations like an expert. All calculation steps are carried out in a transparent and reproducible manner. In order to clarify the approach and the advantages of the procedure, a pilot model is developed. This supports the advisor with the asset allocation, by first analysing the features of the investment goal and the market expectations and then evaluating the merits of several investment strategies as well as displaying the steps towards their evaluation in a comprehensible manner. Based on case studies, the results of the pilot model are compared with known good recommendations from an investigation of Stiftung Warentest on the quality of advice in banks.

This paper describes a new approach to English to Bangla translation. The English to Bangla Translator was developed. This system (BANGANUBAD) takes a paragraph of English sentences as input sentences and produces equivalent Bangla sentences. The BANGANUBAD system comprises a preprocessor, morphological recursive parser, semantic parser using English word ontology for context disambiguation, an electronic lexicon associated with grammatical information and a discourse processor. It also employs a lexical disambiguation analyzer. This system does not rely on a stochastic approach. Rather, it is based on a special kind of amalgamated architecture of transformer and rule-based NLE architectures along with various linguistic knowledge components.

Modern beyond visual range air game is characterized by high dynamic complexity and multi-factor interweaving, making it challenging for traditional decision-making methods. This paper constructs an autonomous decision-making framework for a single-plane beyond visual range air game that encompasses the entire game process. We design tactical rules with both offensive and defensive capabilities and formulate an autonomous air game decision-making method. This method is primarily driven by rules and is complemented by an intelligent maneuver decision-making approach based on the Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN). Simulation results demonstrate that our designed method effectively enhances the maneuvering decision-making ability of aircraft and has promising application prospects.

We construct numerical aneurysm models arisen from both straight and curved arteries, under the hypothesis that high local wall shear stress larger than a certain threshold value will lead to a linear decrease in the wall mechanical properties. Development of aneurysm is observed in both the straight and curved models. In the straight model, the growth of aneurysm is small and only at the distal neck region, and the aneurysm stops growing after several steps. In contrast, in the curved model, the aneurysm continues to grow in height and width. Our computer simulation study shows that even if the wall shear stress inside an aneurysm is low, aneurysm development can occur due to degeneration of the wall distal and proximal to the aneurysm. The interaction between the hemodynamic change (caused by the shape change) and the wall degeneration is key to the development of aneurysms. Our method demonstrates the potential utility of rule-based numerical methods in the investigation of developmental biology of cardiovascular diseases.

Classification rules (if-then rules) are an intuitive way of performing classification, and they are a popular alternative to decision trees. Covering algorithms are one of the most well-studied methods for inducing classification rules from training sets. This chapter discusses basic covering algorithms and illustrates them with simple examples that capture the essence of the problems. In addition, some of the current applications of covering algorithms are reviewed.

Recent years have seen dramatic advances in communication and information technology. These technological innovations, together with the intensified global competition, have subsequently triggered the worldwide restructuring of the manufacturing sector, causing a fundamental shift of paradigm from mass production to one that is based on fast-responsiveness and flexibility. A new pattern of production mode is on the horizon. There is no doubt that the Internet has become the world wide information platform for the exchange of all kinds of information. Intranet, which is based on Internet technology but being used within an organization, has also become a popular platform for data sharing. The advances in Intranet/Internet technology have significantly influenced the way activities are carried out among the manufacturing systems. As such, the proper deployment of this technology in the value chain of production is an essential issue to be addressed. This chapter describes the techniques and applications of Intranet/Internet technology that can be used to improve the operations among manufacturing systems.

The rhythm of a scanned ECG paper can be interpreted by extracting the first derivative of the signal. This paper discusses a first derivative method to classify five different rhythms, namely: Normal Sinus Rhythm, Sinus Bradycardia, 1st Degree AV Block, Atrial Flutter and the Asystole. The PQRST Wave complex is mapped and the different intervals are identified. Unlike other methods where learning is needed and quite a number of data are required, the method described here used rule-based method. It is capable of interpreting data with minimal samples. Based on the studied data, the method was able to produce a 95% accuracy for samples with grids that do not perfectly lie in time axis.

Two essential components of systems modeling are i) representation and ii) inference. We review recent developments in fuzzy systems modeling from a perspective of: a) knowledge representation with fuzzy sets including measurement and acquisition of membership functions for a system parameter identification, as well as combination of knowledge with fuzzy sets for the formation of rules in a system structure identification, and b) approximate reasoning with fuzzy logic including properties of reasoning, combination of rules and/or their consequences, and three heuristics that have been proposed during the course of development. This review is restricted to point-valued fuzzy sets and logics.