Narrow Results

The significance of communities is an important inherent property of the community structure. It measures the degree of reliability of the community structure identified by the algorithm. Real networks obtained from complex systems always contain error links. Moreover, most of the community detecting algorithms usually involve random factors. Thus evaluating the significance of community structure is very important. In this paper, using the matrix perturbation theory, we propose a normalized index to efficiently evaluate the significance of community structure without detecting communities. Furthermore, we find that the peaks of this index can be used to determine the optimal number of communities and identify hierarchical community structure, which are two challenging problems in many community detecting algorithms. Lastly, the index is applied to 16 typical real networks, and we find that significant community structures exist in many social networks and in the C. elegans neural network. Comparatively insignificant community structures are identified in protein-interaction networks and metabolic networks. Our method can be generalized to broad clustering problems in data mining.

The subject of determining the significance of observations in particle physics is discussed. Several dangers are identified, all related to the problem of knowing the sampling probability distribution. Techniques for mitigating these pitfalls are presented.

This paper has been made to analyze the linkage between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. From analysis, it is found that Eastern Bank Ltd. (EBL) performs better than other selected banks but not enough in practicing corporate social responsibility. While, conventional banks are more imperative than Islamic banks as all the indicators cover its benchmark apart from return on total assets. It has proved that there is a significant relationship among return on equity, earnings per share, corporate governance and corporate social responsibility but corporate social responsibility has shown little impact on corporate performance.

Emergency agencies can use emergency management models to enable them to better prepare for and respond to emergencies. This qualitative study aims to undertake a critical examination of emergency management models by thematic analysis to determine their significance to emergency management. A review and analysis of the existing literature were used in the study. The models were studied to explore their role in emergency management and to identify any significant constraints or challenges which could limit the ability of the emergency management model to carry out appropriate actions. The study found that such models are indispensable because they simplify and improve emergency management. Additionally, they may support planners, managers, and practitioners in reaching proper decisions, making them a valuable and necessary decision-making support tool. The study also showed that each model has an advantage that distinguishes it from the other models. Consequently, a comprehensive emergency management model should be designed to suit all cases and circumstances. The findings also confirmed the doubts raised about the limitations and concerns associated with the models. Concerns included future events’ unpredictability, the models’ prescriptive nature, the event’s cultural context, and the impact on businesses. The findings also indicated that certain planners, managers, and practitioners had a limited understanding of the use of models in emergency management. As such, they appear to have overlooked the use of models while dealing with emergencies. Hence, the study recommends that the models should be employed in all emergency management activities. The study also recommends that the findings are utilized as a basis for further research into the potential use of emergency management models.

This paper expounds the functions and principles of Chinese contemporary art criticism. By analyzing the definition, significance and principles of art criticism, the paper concludes that art criticism should play a leading role in culture and expound the value and significance of contemporary art.

The introduction underscores investigative issues, relevant questions and objectives, and methodology used, besides analytical breaks, with added reflections on significance, alongside a macrocosmic view of the civilizational order. The investigative agendas and the objectives in tandem encompass an evolving framework of diplomacy worldwide to locate the civilizational pattern of power aspirations, with ramifications for the global order and for a people in a divided destiny as that in post-colonial Pakistan. The focus is then passed on to the present Bangladesh, formerly East Bengal/Pakistan, where Mujib emerged as leader, designed the stage for struggle, charted the course of diplomacy to rescue his people and led them to independence. In doing so he broke the asymmetric wheels of power drive via the symmetrical struggle for liberating Bangladesh and set a unique example of how to circumvent wheels of power asymmetry. The social science tools are used, combining timeline and system-structure frameworks, diplomacy trajectories and strategic analyses, with reflections on peacebuilding — the first of such kind in scholarly analytic portrayals.