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This paper is concerned with synchronization of chaotic systems. We consider a drive-response type of synchronization via a scalar transmitted signal. Given some structural conditions of chaotic systems, a sliding observer-based response system is constructed to synchronize with the drive system within a finite time. Moreover, if the observer gain is judiciously chosen, robustness with respect to bounded parameter variations is guaranteed. To improve furthermore the performance of the response system, unknown parameters are adaptively estimated in conjunction with the sliding observer. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach numerical simulation results are presented.