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The number of permutations appearing in data series is used for detecting changes in the structure of such series. We show the influence of the permutations length (embedding dimension) in order to get good results. We use permutations to analyze real data from medical and biological origins. Some problems that appear in applying these techniques are pointed out.

This study attempts to determine three things: (1) whether structural changes or shifts exist in the outward foreign direct investment (FDI) data from OECD countries to eight Asian countries, (2) if a linkage exists across OECD FDI flow patterns, and (3) whether the determinants of FDI are consistently the same during the different periods as determined by structural breaks. In order to estimate the structural breaks, Bai and Perron's (1998, 2003) model is utilized because it allows for more than one break in the data. Because the time of the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis is of interest, the breaks are associated with this event. The results of the principal component analysis show that the signs of the explanatory variables differ from those previously found in the literature. The correlation coefficients between FDI and trade openness, the most significant explanatory variable in the study, are positive and significant for all countries and all periods with the exception of Thailand during the pre pre-crisis period. For most of the periods studied, some sort of Granger causality seemed to exist between FDI and trade openness, mostly in the form of feedback.

The development of measures and patterns to increase energy efficiency appears as one of the key objectives of the world economy and is aimed at solving environmental problems associated with energy consumption and climate change. The chapter focuses on the issue of the impact of economic growth and structural changes on the energy intensity of territories. Empirical studies highlight a significant influence of macroeconomic, demographic, and political factors on changes in the energy intensity of economies. Russia has significant capacity for improving energy efficiency, primarily in the electricity and housing sectors. The released volumes of fossil fuels can be exported, reduce emissions into the atmosphere, and, as a result, improve the quality of life. A consistent reduction in the consumption of fuel and energy resources due to the transition to a new technological order is demonstrated by the electric power industry, the manufacturing industry, and the transport sector. For Russia, the transition from a raw-material model of the economy to an innovative one is a priority for sustainable development. To overcome the causes of low energy efficiency and realize the existing potential, it is necessary to intensify the state policy at the regional and federal levels. Simultaneously, measures to save energy and increase energy efficiency will not be able to achieve the goal of reducing the energy intensity of GDP/GRP without high economic growth rates. The authors present the analysis of the influence of the structure of the gross regional product on energy consumption in the Rostov Region and characterize the structure of the economy and the electricity consumption of the region. It was noted that the development of the service sector and high-tech industries, as well as investment in environmental technologies, will allow the Rostov Region to move to an energy-efficient model of economic growth.