Narrow Results

In the standard model, matter is an assembly of quarks that combine under the action of the strong nuclear force to give nucleons (protons and neutrons), further giving atom nuclei that under the action of the electromagnetic force combine with electrons to render atoms and molecules. Each of these interactions has a well defined range of binding energies. A novel type of purely electromagnetic interaction is proposed, with binding energies and dimensions between chemistry and nuclear. This type of binding could result in completely novel materials (super-conductivity) and potential energy production.

Spin density waves (SDWs) may be thought of as comprising charge density waves (CDWs) in pairs, with one CDW composed of up-spin electrons and the other composed of down-spin electrons. The superconductivity in cuprates may then be said to be caused by the BCS-type pairing of these SDWs. This is no longer a simple Cooper pairing of singlet electrons but one that involves a collection of Cooper pairs. Transport in normal metallic states is then governed by CDW pinning, as in a quantum well that is characterized by linear temperature dependence. The pseudo-gap may be understood as originating from this BCS-type gap with SDW, where the parameters used are from those of the original BCS scheme except that the electron–electron interaction is multiplied by N_CDW, which is the number of electrons that have the same spin direction belonging to one CDW branch of the pair that comprises the SDW.