Narrow Results

This study focuses on examining the magnetized bioconvection flow of Casson ternary nanofluid. The mathematical modeling is developed considering Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion (CCDD), Joule heating, and viscous dissipative effects. The Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model is employed to account for finite thermal relaxation time, which addresses limitations of the conventional Fourier’s law by capturing non-instantaneous heat propagation and magnetic responsive boundary conditions considered. The transformation of the governing equations is done using a group of similarity variables. The reduced nonlinear differential equations flow model is numerically solved using the pseudo-spectral collocating integration method. MAPLE develops a graphical illustration of the involved flow parameters. The obtained outcomes are validated by comparing them to recent investigations in the same field. The most important outcome of the work is that growing the Casson variable improves microorganism fluxing at the wall, whereas increasing the mixed convective parameter decreases it. As the thermal relaxation coefficient grows, the Nusselt numbers fall. Conversely, as the thermophoretic parameter increases, the Nusselt number improves. The Brownian diffusion factor and chemical reactive rate reduce the Sherwood numbers and mass transference in a hybrid ternary nanofluid. The findings provide critical insights into optimizing heat transfer mechanisms in industrial cooling, microfluidic devices, and energy storage systems, where precise control over fluid properties and heat flux is essential.

Due to its remarkable thermodynamic development in various engineering sciences, the dispersion of nanostructures in classical base liquids is receiving greater attention from researchers and scientists. In light of the aforementioned inspirations, the suggested research is associated with using a water-based ternary-hybrid nanofluid that contains three unique nanostructures, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide to optimize the heating process in science and engineering. In this situation, the influence of a chemically reactive magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Darcy–Forchheimer ternary hybrid composites transport involving nonlinear radiation across an exponentially permeable stretched surface is highlighted with the model’s physical initial and boundary constraints. The simulation of the heat expression also includes the impacts of nonlinear thermal radiations, energy supply, energy dissipation and magnetic force. Furthermore, the interpretation of Buongiorno’s theory involves spontaneous and thermophoresis diffusions. Entropy analysis is explained using the second law of thermodynamics. We converted the model framework for fluid movement, energy and mass transfer (together with ternary hybrid nanofluid characteristics) into self-similar nondimensional differential equations, that were then further analytically evaluated by using the homotopy asymptotic method (HAM) technique via Mathematica software. The acquired results are illustrated numerically and graphically to study the behavior of fluid flow, heat, concentration distribution, drag force, rate of heat and mass transfer for various emergent components to gain scientific comprehension. With the growing values of magnetic, porosity and Forchheimer number, the nature of the velocity profile goes down.

This paper deals with the analysis of the flow and heat transfer performance of ternary nanofluid flowing past a stretching sheet under the influence of quadratic convection. The ternary nanofluid is formed by suspending three different nanoparticles, namely, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silver (Ag) and graphene (Gr) in the base fluid water (H₂O). Thus, the ternary nanofluid obtained is Gr–Ag–TiO₂/H₂O where the hybrid nanofluid Ag–TiO₂/H₂O forms the base fluid for the resulting ternary nanofluid. The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles enhances the photocatalytic nature of the base fluid and makes it useful in various applications concerning the medicinal field. The presence of Gr helps in intensifying the thermal conductivity of water while the suspension of silver nanoparticles ensures chemical stability. Meanwhile, the thermophysical properties of the ternary nanofluid are mathematically defined and the system of equations that describe the flow of a ternary nanofluid past a stretching sheet is framed using differential equations. The outcomes of this study are interpreted through graphs for velocity and temperature profiles of the ternary nanofluid. It was mainly observed that the thermal conductance of ternary nanofluid was higher than the monophase and hybrid nanofluid. Also, the presence of quadratic convection had a prominent impact on the ternary nanofluid flow. The Nusselt number was found to be greater for spherical nanoparticles and it was found to be least for blade-shaped nanoparticles.

The control of temperature distribution and management of heat energy are key problems in an industry. In this study, free convective flow with ternary nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, MgO) was equipped to analyze the impact on magnetic field and thermal radiation through a moving wedge surface. This volumetric concentration by Cu, Ag and MgO nanoparticles is selected by the most 4% to prevent the instability on the nanofluid. A set of applicable modifications was expressed as a change in the nonlinear partial differential equations and the nonlinear ordinary differential equations and it was undertaken mathematically for applying bvp4c on MATLAB package. These outcomes on ternary nanoparticles (Cu–Ag–MgO/blood), and hybrid nanoparticles (Cu–Ag/blood) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles had again correlated. The outcomes display that connecting Cu, Ag and MgO nanofluid raises the drug friction to 3.9% than the hybrid nanofluid. Also, the combination of Cu and Ag nanofluid increases skin friction by 19.58% than Cu nanofluid. This analysis was particularly useful in drug transportation and biomedical study.

The study of nanoliquid characteristics and their heat performance have attracted the interest of engineers. These engineered fluids have high thermal conductivity due to which such liquids are reliable for different engineering applications including heating/cooling of buildings, thermal and mechanical engineering, etc. Therefore, the current research design provides a new ternary nanoliquid model for the heat transport process under induced magnetic field effects, mixed convection, heating source and thermal radiations. The modeling has been done by implementing the ternary fluid characteristics and supportive transformations and then for results simulation; bvp4c is coded successfully. It is scrutinized that a higher inductive magnetic field (0.1–0.4) and nanoparticles amount (0.01–0.07) are better to resist the movement while the wedge parameter (${\lambda }_1)$ promotes it. By promoting the heating source, Eckert and $R_d$, the heat transfer process is observed rapidly while the mixed convective number $\alpha$ controls it. Further, the particular used ternary nanoliquid is examined and found to be good for cooling purposes.

This study of electro-magneto-hydrodynamics has great significance due to its numerous applications like chromatography, fluid pumping, micro coolers and fluid stirring thermal reactors and flow regulation in fluidics systems. Subject to upper functions on electrical magnetic field, the consequences of electromagnetic initiation into ternary nanofluids flow through the Riga plate were noticed. Furthermore, this ternary hybrid nanofluid flow was based on the effect on slip condition, uniform heat source, convective energy and thermal radiation. The ternary hybrid nanofluid was built from the scattering of silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles by this base fluid blood. This phenomenon had been formed by the model of the system in partial differential equations; it was made easy in the dimensionless nonlinear structure of ordinary differential equations by employing comparison substitutions. This result on the acquired set of the differential equations was simulated over the bvp4c method. It has been discovered that the ternary hybrid nanofluid velocity is essentially lower along the differing numbers of permeable media, although it amplifies along the upshot on the Hartmann number. Moreover, an enhanced heat transport rate of up to 14% was marked for the triple nanoparticle nanofluid by relating it to another nanofluid and establishing an excellent behavior on triple nanoparticle nanofluids.

This study explores the ternary nanofluid flow within the canonical gap between a cone and a disk with particle deposition and magnetic field effects. Reduced titanium dioxide, magnetite, and graphene oxide are used as nanoparticles in the base fluid ethylene glycol. The governing equations of the problem are in the form of partial differential equations, which are converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity transformations, and they are solved numerically by using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth fifth-order (RKF 45) technique. The main agenda of this work is to discuss the impacts of parameters on three cases. The effects of essential aspects on fluid flow, heat and mass transfer rates were studied and analyzed using a graphical representation. Additionally, the response surface methodology and sensitivity analysis are carried out to enhance the importance of the heat transfer rate. The results reveal that the flow field increases significantly with increased Reynolds numbers for both cone and disk rotations. It is observed that the sensitivity analysis of the Nusselt number toward the Eckert number is more for all the radiation parameter values and the Eckert number’s middle level.