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In this work, the difference between pH-induced isomerization and urea-induced unfolding, and the urea- and thermal-induced unfolding processes in different isomeric forms of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) are studied experimentally. Our results show that urea-induced unfolding is a two-step, three-state transition in both the N-form and the B-form, but a single-step, two-state transition in both the E-form and the F-form. At the same time, thermal-induced unfolding shows a two-state transition in all isomeric forms, but the cooperativity of unfolding is different.

Biothermomechanics of skin tissue is highly interdisciplinary, involving bioheat transfer, burn damage, biomechanics and physiology. Characterization of the thermomechanical behavior of skin tissue is of great importance and can contribute to a variety of medical applications. However, few studies have attempted to address the influence of heat induced thermal damage on the mechanical properties of skin tissue. This paper presents the compressive behavior of pigskin at different thermal damage levels and discusses the possible mechanisms of thermal damage–dependent compressive behavior of skin. The results demonstrate that skin stiffness decreases with increasing thermal damage degree and there exists strain rate sensitivity at different damage levels, caused mainly by hydration changes.