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Inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by dispersion in optical fibers is the major limiting factor on the achievable data rate or transmission distance in high-speed fiber-optic interconnects¹. Compared with optical-domain and other electrical-domain dispersion compensation methods, duobinary coding technology is used due to its higher spectral efficiency. In this paper, a monolithically integrated duobinary optical transmitter has be designed and fabricated in standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. This transmitter consists of a duobinary encoder and a VCSEL driver. The master-slave D flip-flop structure is used to generate the wideband one bit delay which is important for the realization of duobinary signal. An open drain structure is used in VCSEL driver design to provide the higher current output in low supply voltage condition. This duobinary transmitter can operate up to 5 Gb/s with 20 mA current output. The current consumption is only 50 mA under 1.8 V supply voltage.

A low-power and low-data-rate (100 kbps) fully integrated CMOS impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) transmitter for biomedical application is presented in this paper. The transmitter is designed using a standard 180-nm CMOS technology that operates at the 3.1-5 GHz frequency range with more than 500 MHz of channel bandwidth. Modulation scheme of this transmitter is based on on-off keying (OOK) in which a short pulse represents binary “1” and absence of a pulse represents binary “0” transmission. During the ‘off’ state (sleep mode) the transmitter consumes only 0.4 μW of power for an operating voltage of 1.8 V while during the impulse transmission state it consumes a power of 36.29 μW. A pulse duration of about 3.5 ns and a peak amplitude of the frequency spectrum of about -47.8 dBm/MHz are obtained in the simulation result which fully complies with Federal Communication Commission (FCC) regulation.

In this paper, an offline bandwidth and frequency calibration method for an on–off LC oscillator-based ultra-wideband impulse radio (UWB-IR) transmitter is presented. Implemented in 0.18-$\mu$m CMOS, the offline calibration circuits consume very little power. This allows the transmitter to consume an ultra-low average power of 319$\mu$W over 3–5GHz at 2Mbps. The calibration is critical to ensure the FCC spectral mask compliance despite the process–voltage–temperature (PVT) variations. The transmitter can deliver a large differential output swing of 1.8–3V to a 100-$\mathrm{\Omega }$ load with minimal power efficiency of 7% at different data rates (2–30Mbps). It is suitable for WPAN application with localization and positioning capabilities.

In this paper, we propose an oscillation-type transceiver for wireless chip-to-chip communication (WCC). The proposed transceiver is composed of a ring oscillator, coils, inverter-type amplifier, voltage multiplier and comparator. The ring oscillator itself acts as the on–off keying (OOK) modulator. The envelope of the transferred OOK-modulated signal is detected in the voltage multiplier of the receiver. Given that the proposed transceiver uses an OOK-modulated oscillating signal, the noise immunity is improved compared to the typical pulse-type transceiver. To verify the functionality of the proposed transceiver, we design the transceiver using the 180-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. From the measured results, we verify that the proposed transceiver recovers the entered digital signal up to a distance of 0.2mm between the primary and secondary coils. Additionally, the sensitivity to the bias voltage of the latch is nonexistent by virtue of removing the latch in the proposed transceiver.

This work presents a 7–9GHz in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) direct up-conversion mixer employing a linear voltage-to-current converting baseband input stage for 5G new radio frequency range 2 cellular applications. The proposed baseband stage improves both the large-signal handling capability and small-signal linearity at the input stage of the mixer. The designed double-balanced I/Q up-conversion mixer, which is based on Gilbert-cell mixer, consists of a voltage-to-current converting input stage, switching stages, and an RLC tank. Simulated in a 40-nm CMOS process, the up-conversion mixer achieves a conversion gain of 5dB, input-referred third-order intercept point of 9.6dBm, and input 1-dB gain compression point of –0.8dBm. It draws a DC bias current of 15.8mA from a nominal supply voltage of 1.1V, and the active area is 0.129mm².

Inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by dispersion in optical fibers is the major limiting factor on the achievable data rate or transmission distance in high-speed fiber-optic interconnects¹. Compared with optical-domain and other electrical-domain dispersion compensation methods, duobinary coding technology is used due to its higher spectral efficiency. In this paper, a monolithically integrated duobinary optical transmitter has be designed and fabricated in standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. This transmitter consists of a duobinary encoder and a VCSEL driver. The master-slave D flip-flop structure is used to generate the wideband one bit delay which is important for the realization of duobinary signal. An open drain structure is used in VCSEL driver design to provide the higher current output in low supply voltage condition. This duobinary transmitter can operate up to 5 Gb/s with 20 mA current output. The current consumption is only 50 mA under 1.8 V supply voltage.

A low-power and low-data-rate (100 kbps) fully integrated CMOS impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) transmitter for biomedical application is presented in this paper. The transmitter is designed using a standard 180-nm CMOS technology that operates at the 3.1-5 GHz frequency range with more than 500 MHz of channel bandwidth. Modulation scheme of this transmitter is based on on-off keying (OOK) in which a short pulse represents binary “1” and absence of a pulse represents binary “0” transmission. During the ‘off’ state (sleep mode) the transmitter consumes only 0.4 µW of power for an operating voltage of 1.8 V while during the impulse transmission state it consumes a power of 36.29 µW. A pulse duration of about 3.5 ns and a peak amplitude of the frequency spectrum of about -47.8 dBm/MHz are obtained in the simulation result which fully complies with Federal Communication Commission (FCC) regulation.

Scientific discoveries, especially over the last six decades, have left no doubt that ‘information’ plays a central role in biology. Specialists have thus sought to study the information in biological systems using the same definitions of information as have been traditionally used in engineering, computer science, mathematics and in other disciplines. Unfortunately, all of these traditional definitions lack aspects that even non-specialists recognize as being essential attributes of information — qualities such as meaning and purpose. To remedy that deficiency, we define another type of information — Universal Information — that more accurately embodies the full measure of information. We then examine the DNA/RNA protein synthesizing system with this definition of Universal Information and conclude that Universal Information is indeed present and that it is essential for all biological life. Furthermore, other types of information, such as Mental Imaging Information, also play a key role in life. It thus seems inevitable that the biological sciences (and science in general) must consider other-than-the-traditional definitions of information if we are to answer some of the fundamental questions about life.