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In this paper, the authors offer a classification of benign fatty tumours of the upper limb. There are three histologically distinct types of fat cells: immature fat cells which give rise to lipoblastomas, mature brown fat cells which give rise to hibernomas and mature white fat cells which give rise to lipomas. Lipomas are the most common and they are sub-classified according to the anatomic site of fat cells into dermal, subcutaneous and sub-fascial lipomas; or tumours directly related to muscle, bone, synovium or nerve. Finally, the authors review 67 patients with benign fatty tumours of the upper limb and provide clinical examples of these tumours including their characteristic histological and radiological features.

In this paper we describe and implement a numerical method which provides highly accurate solutions of a generic two-dimensional model for the formation of capillary networks as a partial process in tumour angiogenesis. The model includes effects due to diffusion, chemotaxis, haptotaxis and cell proliferation. The governing partial differential equation is a diffusion-advection-reaction equation of parabolic type. In order to achieve high accuracy in space, we use a semi-discretisation based on the spectral element method. The resulting system of stiff ordinary differential equations is advanced forward in time using one-step explicit higher order time integrators based on Taylor series expansions. The high accuracy in space is monitored by a residual based a posteriori error indicator while the high accuracy in time is guaranteed by the local and global truncation errors of the higher order Taylor series method.

We report a case of multiple schwannomas of the median nerve. Multiple schwannomas can be difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds and can be mistakenly diagnosed as carpal tunnel syndrome or ganglia as in our case. Nerve conduction studies helped locate non-visible tumours. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in the preoperative planning of these tumours. The appearances on scanning however can be sometimes confused for ganglia as in this case. Intraneural dissection of the schwannomas was carried out and the pathology is described.

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