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Synchrotron circular dichroism (CD) is already a valuable technique for studies of protein folding, conformational changes and enzyme mechanisms, as well as secondary structure determination. Exciting new potential applications exist in protein folding, protein complex formation for Proteomics, and ligand/drug screening for Functional Genomics. With the 3 GeV synchrotron of Diamond Light Source we can collimate a very small size light beam (about 2 mm (H) × 1 mm (V)) with high photon flux (estimated 8 × 10¹³ (ph/s/0.1%bw) at 6 eV and 300 mA). The small beam size will enable the measurement of smaller sample volumes that previously has not been possible.

With the advent of modern synchrotron radiation facilities, fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has proven its capability as a highly sensitive local structural tool. Previous applications have been limited to dilute systems and thin films where the absorption of incoming incidence X-ray and outgoing fluorescence X-ray can be neglected. In this chapter we describe unconventional applications beyond this criterion, which are made possible by improving detection efficiency by orders of magnitude combining a high flux insertion devices and highly efficient detectors. In the first application, the non-equilibrium local structure of photo-induced phase of Fe(II) spin crossover complex, [Fe(2-pic)₃]Cl₂EtOH (2-pic=2-aminomethyl pyridine), was investigated under laser illumination. The results indicated no symmetry breaking of FeN₆ clusters upon spin-state switching, establishing the origin of new Raman lines as unrelaxed “frozen-in” distorted outer ligand molecules. Secondly, we demonstrate that polarization-dependent XAS is obtained with a high quality for high temperature superconducting (HTSC) single crystals. The results of temperature-dependent local lattice study on high-quality single crystal of LaSr- CuO revealed doping-induced local lattice distortion $T_d^{\max }$ that maximizes at the superconducting critical temperature $T_c^{\max }$, indicating the strong intimacy of HTSC with local lattice, casting doubts to the purely electronic pairing mechanisms that ignore the contribution of lattice. Lastly, we describe that, combining a microfluidic cell with a fluorescence detection, position-dependent XAS provides time-dependent XAS for dilute systems. The application to CdSe nanocrystal formation demonstrated that such an approach would allow in situ studies on the structural evolution of intermediate state of nanocluster formation known as puzzling state, i.e. “monomers”, in association with molecular orbital calculations. Because of a limited space, unconventional applications are briefly described in this chapter but it could be sufficient to expect more outputs from the 4^th generation synchrotron facilities that would allow higher brilliance and a smaller focus size because the methodology described here is strongly dependent on synchrotron instrumentation.

Euro-Asian DC Power Grid Multi-Feed Short Circuit Ratio Stability analysis is important to project implement. UHVDC directly access UHVAC power grid at the receiving power networks, is beneficial to control local 500 kV power grid short-circuit current, reduce the impact to 500 kV power grid after DC fault, improve the voltage stability of the HVDC receiving system multi-feed. Therefore, part of the UHVDC direct access UHVAC power grid is feasible and necessary, this will also be a certain amount of space for the development of power grid in the future. For UHVDC direct access UHVAC power grid, multi-feed short circuit ratio stability is an important part for practice project. In multi-feed complicated AC-DC transmission system, AC and DC interconnection impact mainly depend on the comparison of AC system and DC system, the paper conducted multi-feed short circuit ratio stability analysis research, the results can provide reference frame for power system plan and operation, also can provide new ideas for future UHVDC project.