The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work

Rapid social change due to the emigration and development of new towns, has weakened parental bonds and the social support networks of families and clans. These changes may lead to an immense increase in teenage drug abuse and suicide. The drug dependence of teenagers is not simply a result of curiosity, but a reflection of stress management in the form of escape from reality. This paper gives an account of the stages of adolescent drug dependence, and the levels of intervention where social work practitioners can play a more active role in drug prevention. Strategies related to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention are discussed.

新移民流入和新市镇的发展，减弱了家庭和亲族的社交支援网络和家长的约束。这些改变令少年滥用药物和自杀的个案大增。少年依赖药物问题并非单纯是好奇的结果，其实亦反映了以逃避现实来处理压力的方式。这篇文章细述青少年依赖药物的阶段，与及社工可以更主动的角色介入预防药物滥用。文中并讨论基层、中层和深层的预防工作。

In Hong Kong, the phenomenon of young people hanging around individually or in groups in public places through the night has become prevalent. This has drawn much attention from the public and the media because the behaviour of these "night drifting teens" (e.g., chasing around, vandalising, harassing people passing by, behaving promiscuously) is becoming a public nuisance. Moreover, they also risk running up against the law. Based on a recent exploratory study of these "night drifting" youths, this paper introduces their social background and situation. The causes of their engagement in these nocturnal activities are also explored. Services for this group of youths are also proposed. Further recommendations on the direction and development of relevant service programmes to meet their needs are suggested.

青少年个别地或联群地在夜间于公众场所溜连聚集有普遍化的现象。他们在这些场所的不检行为 (如追追逐逐、破坏公物、骚扰途人、不羁行为) 引起了大众及传媒的关注。再者，他们亦面临犯罪的危机。基于一项以这些夜间活动的青少年为对象的探讨性研究，本文介绍他们的一些社会背景及夜游情况。在探索了他们夜游的原因及服务需要后，本文介绍了一些现时及在计划中为他们提供的服务，亦建议了几点应为他们发展的服务方向。

Task analysis is applied to school social work in Hong Kong to examine, first, how school social workers conceptualise the functions and ideologies of their work. Secondly, it argues how they can better meet the needs of the students and the community. Research results indicate an inclination for local practice to move towards a clinical model with less emphasis on a systems change approach. The implications for future practice are also discussed.

此研究采用职务分析方法探讨香港学校社会工作者如何构思及定义学校社会工作服务，并讨论现时之服务模式对服务未来发展之影响。研究结果显示本地学校社会工作服务倾向采用「诊治」模式，而较忽视「制度改革」方法，以改善本地学生之学习及成长福利。

香港城市大学社会科学部于一九九五年以问卷的方式，访问了二百三十五名香港女性行政人员，该访问的其中一个主要目的，是探讨这阶层的妇女在家庭及工作单位的处境和地位。本文的目的，是报告是次研究的结果，并藉著有关的研究资料，讨论香港妇女在资本主义社会的地位。本文得到的结论，是不同阶层的妇女在工作岗位及家庭所经验的，并不一定相同。因此，就是在男权主导下的社会，有部份妇女在工作上既可取得高薪厚职，在家中又可取得较高的地位，是不足为奇的。然而，这并不表示，大部份妇女便可凭自己的工作能力，改善其社会地位。资本主义运作复杂，其如何影响妇女的社会地位，仍须进一步研究和分析。

In 1995, the Division of Social Studies in the City University of Hong Kong interviewed 235 women in managerial positions with the aim of exploring their status and roles in the family and workplace. This paper presents the findings of that study. Our main argument is that women from difference social classes have difference experiences in developing their careers and looking after their families. It is possible for some women to achieve a high status at work and, at the same time, enjoy a greater share of power at home in a capitalist society. However, this should not be taken as an indication that the majority of women in Hong Kong could enhance their social status solely through participation in the labour market. There are some structural factors in the capitalist system that require further exploration.

The responses of 723 students and graduates from the social work course in the Department of Applied Social Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, to 30 statements on the conception of learning were examined. A factor analysis reveals five underlying dimensions: learning as perception, learning as a dynamic process that transcends time and space; the significant others in learning, the instrumental functions of learning; and learning as a rational and emotive process. Non-parametric tests reveal significant differences between i) those with and without social work experience and ii) the diploma and non-diploma holders. Second-order tests of significance were carried out and their findings are discussed.

七百二十三位香港理工大学的社会工作课程学生和毕业生，在一份有三十条命题上的问卷上作答，表示他们的〔学习理念〕。〔因子分析〕显示出五个维度：学习被看为理解；学习不受时间空间所限；影响学习的重要人物；学习的工具性；学习的理性和感性。〔非参数分析〕及〔次度分析〕进一步显出不同类别的回答者之间的〔显著差异〕。

This paper is based on a research project entitled A Documentation of Newspaper Reports on Family Violence in Hong Kong in the Past Decade carried out between 1992 and 1994. Based on a content analysis of news coverage of domestic violence in a local Chinese newspaper between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 1990, the author identified a number of findings in this study. First, it was found that 80% (N=91) of the victims of spousal abuse were women. Second, news coverage on violence against women in conjugal relationships were skewed with reports of violence that are of a physical nature (94%). Third, the reports represented only the most serious cases and, therefore represents only the tip of the iceberg insofar as violence against women is concerned. This is because: (i) a large number of these cases involved the use of deadly weapons such as choppers and knives. (ii) all the cases required police intervention; and (iii) 93% of non-fatal cases required immediate medical attention. Lastly, the present study found that the discourse on tended to view violence against women in the newspaper under study to view it as a private, rather than public, issue. On the basis of these findings, the paper discusses the implications for social work practice.

本文乃是根据香港理工大学应用社会科学学系于1992至1994年间所进行一项题为《过去十年香港报章对家庭暴力案件之报导》的研究结果而写成。是项研究的结果可归纳为四点。第一，八成以上的婚姻暴力受害人为女性。第二，94%的报导案件为身体暴力性质。第三，绝大部份的报导案件都涉及危险武器之使用，因此所有的个案都有警方的介入，当中93%的非致命案件的受害人需要即时送院医理。由此看来，所报导的虐妻案件明显地只是代表了香港最严重的虐妻个案。最后，此研究亦发现该传媒主要是把虐妻看为一个个人的问题而非一个社会问题。根据以上的发现，本文作了相关的讨论和建议。

The number of divorce cases in Hong Kong is soaring in recent years and the stepfamily is an emerging family structure. This exploratory study is aimed at examining difficulties of parenting in stepfamilies through interviews with stepmothers, social workers and teachers. Reports of these stepmothers reveal that they feel overloaded in the stepfamilies and that their spouses do not give them enough support. They complain that their in-laws and relatives create stress rather than offer help in child management. The findings indicated that there are difficulties in communication between the couples, problems between stepmother-stepchild, and in-law relationships. It is suggested that social workers and teachers should cooperate to deal with cultural stereotyping of stepfamily and change negative social attitudes towards members of stepfamilies. Efforts should also be made by these professionals to identify stepmother-stepchild relationship problems with greater sensitivity, and regularity.

香港近年离婚个案数字飚升，再婚家庭成逐渐涌现的家庭架构。这个研究目的是透过访问继母、社工和教师检视再婚家庭的亲职问题。被访继母感到家务繁重、配偶支持不足，在管教子女方面，她们的翁姑及姻亲没有给予援助反而给她们加添压力。资料显示再婚家庭内的夫妇沟通出现困难，继母和继子女及翁姑姻亲关系亦有问题。社工和教师应携手处理文化上将再婚家庭典型化的问题，改变社会人士对这类家庭的负面态度，醒觉地识别继母和继子女关系的问题予以适切介入。

This paper highlights the profiles of juvenile crime and the responses to juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong in the last few decades. With the aid of criminological literature and policy documents, the author uncovers the underlying etiological assumptions of delinquency. The assumptions are biased in favour of the functionalist perspective. Until the publication of a recent study on the social causes of delinquency, interactionist theories seemed to have no part in explaining crime in Hong Kong. The author argues that under the dominance of the positive non-interventionist political culture in Hong Kong, the academics are prone to be conservative. This paper suggests that future research should focus on testing interactional effects among the social variables derived from the social control, strain, labelling and differential association theories.

这篇文章讨论本港青少年犯罪概念的转变及社会对青少年犯罪的对策。透过分析本港之犯罪研究及政策文件，作者发掘解释青少年犯罪的背后假设。这些假设大部份是倾向功能主义学派的。直至近年，作者才发现以互动学派的论点来解释犯罪渐被社会人士所重视。作者建议未来的研究应朝向探讨社会契约、社会压力、负面标签及朋辈关系等因素与犯罪行为的交互影响。

性犯罪在香港整体罪案数字中只占一个很小的比率，而有关性犯罪的本地研究也十分稀少。现行的罪案分类方式明显地不能反映性犯罪的普遍性，也不适用于对罪犯的评估及矫治工作。本文从一个犯罪心理学的角度提出一套简便的分类系统，以犯罪者的动机和行为为基础对犯罪者作出评估，提供预后推测，并建议一套以认知行为治疗法为本的矫治程序，认为值得广泛推行。文内并有个案描述，以资佐证。

Sexual offenses make up only a small portion of the total number of offenses in Hong Kong, and local research related to sexual offenses is also scanty. The current offense classification system not only fails to reflect the prevalence of sexual crimes but is also found irrelevant to the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders. This article attempts to propose a concise classificatory system from the perspective of criminological psychology. The offenders' motives and behaviours are used as the bases of assessment and prognosis. A cognitive-behavioural approach to correctional treatment is outlined and advocated. Case materials are provided for illustration.