The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work

Community organizations are often attached to the government's institutional conditions in Taiwan. However, with the government driving its policies, not only are these community organizations developing rapidly, but they also become more self-aware, striving for resources from different sectors on their own initiative and thereby forming the usual bottom-up exercise from civil society. This paper applies social capital and resource mobilization perspectives to study the present situation and characteristics of community-based social enterprise (CBSE) in Taiwan. According to the findings, the incentives provided by the Taiwanese government are truly an important driving force to promote the development of CBSE. The impact of community organizations is the important mechanism to develop CBSE. By the integration of product and innovation, community organizations are important bases to develop social enterprise. In addition, when developing social enterprises, community organizations must follow local society, humanity or products in order to result in social enterprises with local features. Finally, sales of products of CBSE are based on public trust network of communities. For a community organization to invest in developing businesses, it not only needs the force of a collective action to mobilize resources, but it also needs to form public trust within the community. Finally, the development of CBSE is closely related to the community residents, network relationships and trust as advocated by social capital can become vital strengths to support the development of CBSE, and are also media that must be relied on for CBSE to succeed.

本研究以抗逆力視野來探討本地新來港人士的生活滿足感及歸屬感等各方面的狀況，並尋找促進新移民正向適應的保護因子及阻礙其發展的危機因子。研究以街頭訪問的方式搜集了1,012位被訪者的資料，當中男性佔35.4%, 女性則有64.3%; 平均年齡為37.7歲。 結果顯示新來港人士比本地出生的居民及非本地出生但居住香港多於七年的居民兩個群組在廣東話的溝通能力、自尊感、社會網絡、社區歸屬感及生活滿足感等5個方面的表現均較差。 結構模式的分析顯示自尊感、社區歸屬感及社會網絡是促進生活滿足感的保護因子； 而溝通能力差是阻礙新移民正向適應的危機因子。 根據研究結果，文中提議一些服務來改善新來港人士的生活滿足感。

This study adopted the resilience perspective to explore the life satisfaction and community attachment of new arrivals in Hong Kong, and to examine the protective factors and risk factors that affecting their well-being. The study used the street interview and the accidental sampling to collect data from 1,012 respondents. The sample comprised 35.4% men and 64.3% women. The mean age of participants was 37.7 years. The results indicated that the new arrivals had lower scores in communication competence, self-esteem, social networks, community attachment and life satisfaction than the local born residents and non-local born residents who have been in Hong Kong for more than 7 years. Moreover, results of the structural equation model confirmed that self-esteem, community attachment and social networks were protective factors of life satisfaction; and poor communication competence was a risk factor that hindered positive adaption. Based on the study results, service recommendation was suggested to improve the life satisfaction and community attachment of the new arrivals.

人情文化下的求助歷程與策略是本文的核心。 在脫貧的實務工作中，我們常發現許多經濟弱勢者不願意開口請別人幫忙。 欠人家人情、覺得很丟臉、沒有面子等是從他們口中常聽見的原因。 但他們所顧慮的到底是什麼？ 為什麼不求助？ 上述說法背後又有什麼意義？ 我們一方面從求助行為和華人文化的理論觀點著手，為求助行為的意義、歷程、與詮釋提供概念。 再方面，我們回到實務工作中，以人情文化詮釋經濟弱勢家戶成員求助的歷程與策略，希望藉此可以作為社工規劃脫貧方案的參考，使經濟弱勢者在求助過程中減低求助的成本和阻礙，加快他們脫貧的步伐。

The author reviews the development of welfare services and policies on the elderly in the past forty years. She identifies three eras, the budding period before 1980, the blossoming golden period, from 1981 to 1996 and the consolidation period, from 1997 to 2012. The author discusses salient features and provides critique on each of the three periods. She traces and analyses the characteristics of each period, and critiques on their trials, outcome achievements and challenges. She focuses on community care and restrains from other major educational, health and housing policies. With regard to future development, the author shares the thoughts of Dr. Butler and ideas from the IFA 2012 Prague Conference so as to stimulate collective thinking for future possible formulation of policy direction. The author also wishes to acknowledge support and advice from many geriatricians and psychiatric geriatricians of the Hospital Authority and Health Development who also played important part in the development of policy and services in the three periods.

本文主要提出專業其實蘊藏着「去權」的本質。 很多人以為社工是一個令服務對象充權的專業，但是，若社工忽略了專業的「去權」本質，社工會不一定發揮充權的功能，反而也會產生去權的結果。 因此，本文旨在探討這個去權本質對社工專業的影響。 當社工邁向專業化的時候，我們更需留意這個問題。 本文建議若社工專業要實踐充權的目標和功能，社工要多反思及警醒專業的去權本質，更需要清楚界定社工專業的特性，找出社會工作專業與其他專業不同的地方。