International Journal of Nanoscience

The influences of temperature parameter for various values of 310K, 315K and 333K (Kelvin (K)) to liquid ejection through nozzle under the same magnitudes of nozzle diameter of 27.5 Angstrom (Å) and pressing force of $9.0\times 10^{-10}$ Newton (N) were performed in this study by adopting the molecular dynamics simulation method. For the temperature values, almost all molecules were ejected out of the container through the nozzle and built up the liquid nanojets on the nozzle plate’s surface. Only the liquid jets separate out from the nozzle to form the nanodroplets for the temperature values of greater than or equal to 315K. Otherwise, the liquid nanodroplets were not formed for the case of temperature magnitude of 310K. Moreover, the witnesses are also provided in this research to explain for the separation of the nanojets from the nozzle plate’s surface to form the liquid nanodroplet.

Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent disorder in the period before puberty when increased adrenal androgen level causes enlargement of the sebaceous glands and it increased the production of sebum on the face, chest, and back. This disease is caused due to interaction between many causative agents or pathogenic components which lead to formation of the acne and those are seborrhea, follicular hyper keratinization, microbial formation of pilosebaceous unit by Propionibacterium acne and arrival of inflammatory mediators. Tazarotene is a well-known retinoid related to vitamin A that belongs to an acetylenic class of retinoid, used in the management of acne. Oral administration of Tazarotene causes changes in bone morphology after prolonged exposure to high doses, which also exhibit teratogenicity but this does not occur with topical delivery. Ethosomes are non-invasive delivery carriers enabling drugs to reach to the bottom of the skin layers and/or the system and transfersomes are the self-adaptable ultra-deformable flexible elastic bilayer vesicles composed of phospholipids able to penetrate through the pores of skin even smaller than its size. Present research aims the comparative evaluation of ethosomal and transfersomal gels loaded with Tazarotene in the treatment of acne. In the present study, ethosomes and transfersomes were formulated by the cold method and hand-shaking method, respectively, followed by loading of Tazarotene and development into gel formulation. The formulated gel samples were evaluated for in vitro release study, in vitro permeation study, in vitro anti-acne study, in vivo percutaneous permeation study by CLSM, and in vivo anti-acne study. The results proved that both the formulated ethosomal and transfersomal gels have better permeation through the skin but ethosomal gel showed better release in comparison to transfersomal gel, also final gels exhibited the anti-acne potentiality.

This study was focused on the optimization of preparing a curcumin-loaded coconut oil and honey nanoemulsion using a low energy emulsifying technique. Curcumin is a bioactive compound with low bioavailability and stability. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box Behnken design was used to optimize the base formulation based on the three independent variables such as honey (1–3%), virgin coconut oil (1.0–1.5%) and Tween 80 (5.0–9.0%) to obtain low particle size (10.11nm), polydispersity index (0.27) and turbidity (0.24–1.11) system. Subsequently, the second optimization was carried out after curcumin was loaded into the base formulation. Another three independent variables such as polyethelene glycol (0.8–1.5%), curcumin (0.01–0.1%) and honey (1.8–2.4%) were used to produce the nanorange of particle size (14.32nm), narrow polydispersity index (0.152), and high encapsulation efficiency (98.0%). The curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion was found to have high stability with only 8.5% increment in particle size after storage for three months at 4^∘C and 45^∘C. The radical scavenging activity of encapsulated curcumin in nanoemulsion was decreased ($<20$%) compared to free curcumin. Nanoemulsion appeared to increase in vitro release rate of curcumin by about 42%, especially for the first 2h in Franz diffusion cell using rat skin.

A series of activated carbon (AC) supported Au nanocatalysts with different loadings of Au were prepared by using the homogeneous deposition–precipitation (HDP) method. The samples were characterised with myriad techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO-chemisorption, N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural and textural properties in detail. The catalysts were tested for the vapour phase oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid under base-free medium in an aerobic condition at normal atmospheric pressure. The Au/AC nanocatalysts with smaller size Au particles ($<6$nm) showed higher glycerol conversion and selectivity for glyceric acid, and also a longer catalyst life. While the larger Au particles ($>10$nm) showed less activity and selectivity. Among all the nanocatalysts tested, the 1.0wt.% Au/AC sample having smaller particle size of Au showed the best catalytic performance in terms of glycerol conversion and glyceric acid selectivity. These results suggest that the oxidation activities of Au/AC nanocatalysts are strongly influenced by the size of Au nanoparticle, nature of the support material and through a metal-support interaction.

The density functional theory is used for the determination of a ground state of a quasi-two-dimensional electron$-$hole liquid (EHL) in the presence of an external electric field. The Kohn$-$Sham equations for electrons and holes are numerically solved. The binding energies of electron$-$hole pair are calculated for various silicon surfaces. It is shown that EHL can exist on the (111) Si.

Well crystallized Aluminium (Al) doped Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles with various doping concentration (0, 0.05M, 0.07M, 0.09M and 0.11M) were synthesized successfully by sol–gel route to develop the photo anode of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Anatase crystalline nature of TiO₂ nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrophotometer. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the morphology of the photo anode (Al-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles). The photovoltaic performance of the DSSC in terms of Current, Voltage and efficiency was investigated with a standard illumination of AM1.5G having an irradiance 100mW/cm². Optimized values of Short Circuit Current density ($I_{\mathrm{\text{sc}}}$), Open Circuit Voltage ($V_{\mathrm{\text{oc}}}$) and efficiency ($\eta$) obtained was 247.62$\mu$A/cm², 359mV and 0.02456%, respectively for 0.07M Al doping concentration. Eco-friendly Eosin Y dye was used for sensitization of the photo anode. The optimized photovoltaic cell exhibits very good efficiency (80.05% more than the earlier reported work).

Density Matrix Formalism using quantum methods has been used for determining the channel density of dual gate ultra-thin MOSFETs. The results obtained from the quantum methods have been compared with the semi-classical methods. This paper discusses in detail the simulation methods using self-consistent schemes and the discretization procedures for constructing the Hamiltonian Matrix for a dual gate MOSFET consisting of oxide/semiconductor/oxide interface and the self-consistent procedure involving the discretization of Poisson’s equation for satisfying the charge neutrality condition in the channel of different thicknesses. Under quantum methods, the channel densities are determined from the diagonal elements of the density matrix. This successfully simulates the size quantization effect for thin channels. For semi-classical methods, the Fermi–Dirac Integral function is used for the determination of the channel density. For thin channels, the channel density strongly varies with the values of the effective masses. This variation is simulated when we use Quantum methods. The channel density also varies with the asymmetric gate bias and this variation is more for thicker channels where the electrons get accumulated near the oxide/semiconductor interface. All the calculations are performed at room temperature (300K).

The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the heterointerface of AlGaN and GaN is a complicated transcendental function of gate voltage, so an analytical charge control model for AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is presented accounting for all the three regions of operation (i.e., sub-threshold, moderate, and strong-inversion region). In addition to it, the performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMT is highly dependent on the device geometry. Therefore, to get the optimum performance of the device it is advisable to optimize the parameters governing the device geometry. Accordingly, the output and transfer characteristics, threshold voltage, ON current, OFF current, and transconductance are calculated using numerical computations. The present design is tested to calculate the voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) and transient characteristics of the invertor circuit, after the optimization of the device parameters.

In this work, the inorganic/organic a Carbon-Silica (C-S) nanocomposites in additional amorphous carbon matrix was successfully obtained through the sol–gel method, the two components are mixed in an effort to blend the best properties of both. The acquired C-S nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was observed by Transmission Electronic Microscopy that nanoparticles with sizes from 14nm to 20nm. After heat treatment, we explore the electrical properties of the obtained C-S material. The current–voltage ($I$–$V$) and alternating current (ac) techniques in the temperature range (80–300K) was examined.

This paper demonstrates the functionality of a simple and convenient microfluidic method in synthesizing a series of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) stabilized nanoparticles (NPs) of various novel metals (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ag, and Au) with an average diameter of $<$2 nm. In this method, the use of microfluidic mixture provided a homogenous mixing of the metal precursors and reducing agent nearly at the molecular level, that yield monodispersed sub-nanosize NPs. Core diameters of the produced NPs determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were $1.3\pm 0.3$, $1.6\pm 0.3$, $1.3\pm 0.2$, $1.7\pm 0.4$, $1.9\pm 0.4$ and $1.2\pm 0.2$nm for Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ag and Au NPs, respectively. Of them, Pt NPs were detailed characterized. The obtained Pt NPs were found to have fcc crystal structure with 1.2 nm crystalline size which is very similar to the corresponding TEM result. The efficiency of the synthesis of NPs by micromixer was compared with batch/NaBH₄ reduction method for the Pt NPs. It was found that in batch method the as-prepared NPs decreased the reducing ability of NaBH₄ by catalytic degradation. In contrast, the micromixer could separate the produced metal NPs from the reaction system soon after the formation of NPs and enables feeding the fresh NaBH₄ solution throughout the synthesis. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry measurements of adsorbed ${}^{12}$CO molecules on Pt NPs showed that the NPs surface were negatively charged with a high population of edge and vertices atoms.