Journal of Enterprising Culture

This paper studies the future development choices of small business owners, getihu which literally means an individual family household in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.). We attempt to find out what the major factors are that determine these getihu's choices of expanding, contracting or even closing down their businesses. By using a data set which includes 4,649 getihu collected from a nation-wide survey in 1991, we conduct an ordered probit analysis to obtain the following results: (1) About three quarters of sampled getihu would like to maintain the status quo and do not plan for any change. (2) Being a member of the Chinese Communist Party does not exert any statistically significant effect on their choices. (3) The level of financial risk has no significant effect while the level of failure risk is negatively related to the likelihood of business expansion. However, diversifying into different lines of business has a positive effect on the likelihood of business expansion. (4) The annual wage income of households has a positive and significant effect on the business development plan while company profit does not have any statisccally significant effect at all. (5) Female, aged getihu are less interested in expanding their business.

The theme of this paper is to extract the characteristics and problems of Japanese multinationals International Human Resource Management (IHRM) by comparing the operations of Western multinationals with those of Japanese multinationals operating in ASEAN.

What kind of IHRM systems are constructued and practiced by Western multinationals that are operating in ASEAN? Are there any big differences in IHRM between Japanese multinationals and Western multinationals? And furthermore, what kind of management issues are they facing in this region and what kind of implications are there for their Japanese counterparts? This papers aims to clarify these points through case studies in this region. Finally some entreprenuerial strategies to tackle these problems Japanese headquarters are investigated.

This study investigated the types of non-financial resources that private investors contribute to fledgling businesses, and reasons for providing these resources. The study is grounded in the resource-based theory of the firm (Penrose, 1959; Rumelt, 1984), and agency theory (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 serial angel investors. Results documented in detail the types of non-financial resources that angels provide to new firms, including business ideas, top managers and network connections - as well as funds. We demonstrate that angles manage risk through a combination of techniques, which has as much to do with managing returns for the business as with managing agency risk. We also describe in detail distinct patterns of investment behavior among private investors, ranging from the dominant pattern of "partnership" with entrepreneurs to the rarer pattern of "passive" investing. Differences in patterns of investment behaviour appear to have significant implications for entrepreneurs seeking startup support from private investors. This study provides a starting point for development of a theory of resource provision and assembly for new firms.

The study of women's entrepreneurship has grown steadily during the last two decades, as the number of women-owned businesses worldwide has increased dramatically. This article presents an examination of major research questions and highlights the most recent scholarship on women's entrepreneurship within several key domains. The findings integrate broad areas of inquiry, including the emergence of women-owned firms in the global economy, entrepreneurial and firm characteristics, financing patterns, the greatest challenges to enterprise growth, and the influence of culture and family on the entrepreneurial organization. Recommendations are provided to contribute to an increased understanding of the dynamics of women-headed entrepreneurial enterprises around the world.