Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences

Incorporating the effective speed of light, rather than the conventional constant c, into the four-velocity vector leads to a more physically meaningful expression for the momentum and energy of stationary objects in Schwarzschild spacetime. This indicates that free-falling objects do not gain any energy in the gravitational field; instead, they experience a conversion of rest energy into kinetic energy within the specific spacetime structure. This innovative approach allows us to dispense with the traditional concept of gravitational potential energy, simplifying energy transformations within gravitational fields.

A new method in which the energy and mass of elementary particles can be calculated is presented. Gluon-gluon interactions within a single elementary particle are considered, and the number of possible interactions per particle is determined. This procedure can be formalized and standardized via a newly introduced microcanonical partition function. The possibility of calculating the energetic relationships provides new and more in-depth insights into the reaction possibilities of the particles. In addition, the application of this method of calculating the partition function to the known quarks themselves suggests that they are composed of even more elementary particles. The properties of these particles match the Rishons of the Harari–Shupe preon model. In combination with the Rishon model, the method presented here for calculating the energetic situation of particle reactions provides a profound and new understanding of the processes at an absolute elementary level; this opens new possibilities for the calculation and understanding of particle reactions and might change our understanding of particle physics in fundamental ways.