International Seminars on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 48th Session

The following sections is included:

• CONTENTS

This year's Session of our Seminars is devoted to the role of Science in the Third Millennium.

I am pleased to start by reading the message of the President of the Italian Republic, H.E. Professor Sergio Mattarella, a strong supporter of the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture. The other message I will read is from H.E. Professor Pietro Grasso, President of the Italian Senate.

The following sections are included:

• THE IRAN AGREEMENT—THE JCPOA
• APPENDIX: WHY I SUPPORT THE JCPoA

Infectious diseases whose pathogens are specialized to a single host species—as most human pathogens are—are susceptible to global eradication by clearing all infected species-members of a targeted pathogenic agent for a brief interval of time: inter-host transmission chains are thereby broken and immune surveillance combined with medical interventions then annihilate the pathogens isolated in each infected individual, resulting in extinction of the pathogenic species by synchronized evaporation of the entirety of its ecological niches…

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
• KEY MESSAGES AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
• KEY CHALLENGES TO EXPANDING RENEWABLE ENERGY
• NUCLEAR POWER: STATUS REPORT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
• ECONOMICS OF NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES
• ELECTRICITY STORAGE
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES
• NUCLEAR FUSION: STATUS REPORT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
• REFERENCES

Both nuclear and renewable energies are considered to be carbon free and encouraged on environmental and energy security considerations. However they markedly differ in their economics, system integration, capacity factor and dispatching (intermittency); also in public acceptance and foreseeable future growth prospects…

Options for ensuring electricity demand meets supply:

• Generation reserves (especially natural gas)
• Build additional transmission capacity
• Base load cycling
• Demand response
• Electricity Storage

The following sections are included:

• A MODERN MARVEL
• THE GRID
• RUDIMENTARY OPERATIONS
• SYSTEM COSTS
• RENEWABLE AND CARBON GOALS
• RISING INCREMENTAL COSTS?
• POWER PRICE VS RENEWABLE SHARE
• NUCLEAR AND THE GRID
• BREAKTHROUGHS NEEDED

The following sections are included:

• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: TOPICS
• LCA: AN APPROACH TO COMPARISON
• CO₂ IS RISING!
• “GREENHOUSE GASES”—THE GOOD AND THE BAD
• MOJAVE PV PLANT
• CADMIUM IN SOLAR CELLS
• YOLL COMPARISON FOR GERMANY
• THE PUBLIC WORRIES WHEN THEY RECEIVE MIXED MESSAGES FROM THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
• SELECTED CONCLUSIONS

The following sections are included:

• SCOPE
• REACTOR SAFETY
• WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT SAFETY?
• TRENDS IN REACTOR SAFETY
• WHY CAN'T WE DO BETTER?
• NEW DESIGN APPROACHES
• “NEWCOMER” COUNTRIES?
• INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
• RECOMMENDATIONS

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
• THEMES
• ANOTHER EXAMPLE: GRID SYSTEMS
• ANOTHER EXAMPLE: GRID SYSTEMS
• TODAY
• GOING FORWARD
• EXPAND VIEW OF END-USE MANAGEMENT TO COUPLED SYSTEMS & CYCLES OF HUMAN METABOLISM
• SUMMARY WORKSHOP 2014

There is a planetary emergency in energy, and the management of energy end-use networks is, today, the foremost part of the problem as well as its solution. Fortunately the science of complex networks is now able to provide an understanding of how these systems respond to perturbations and eliminates the element of chance in designing and optimizing them. Urban areas are a very critical element of the larger concern and form the base on which to rest the solutions. With potential solutions in hand, engaging decision-makers on the understanding of energy networks and implementing proactive policies is not only possible, but likely.

In many fields, governments have a monopoly on the support of scientific research. Ideally, they support the science because they believe objective research to be valuable. Unfortunately, as anticipated by Eisenhower in his farewell speech from January 17, 1961 (the one that also warned of the military-industrial complex), “Partly because of the huge costs involved, a government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity.” Under these circumstances, when the government wants a particular scientific outcome the ideal arrangement is vulnerable. However, as I hope to show, the problem is not simply bias. Rather, the powers that be invent the narrative independently of the views of even cooperating scientists. It is, in this sense, that the science becomes irrelevant. This was certainly the case in the first half of the twentieth century, where we just have to look at Lysenkoism in the former Soviet Union, Social Darwinism, and Eugenics throughout the western world, as well as, in the 1960s, the unfounded demonization of DDT. Each phenomenon led to millions of deaths. And, in each case, the scientific community was essentially paralyzed, if not actually complicit…

I am not a scientist. Rather, I'm an investigative journalist who has spent the past six years examining the climate debate. When I began my research, I heard a great deal about an organization called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC. This is the most important climate body in the world because governments point to IPCC reports as the reason enormous amounts of money should be spent fighting climate change…

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the European Union has committed to unilateral efforts to tackle climate change. It has felt it a duty to set an example to the rest of the world through radical climate policy-making at home…

Development associated with human populations has led to the globalization of many environmental problems. The most serious of these problems in coastal seas are related to eutrophication and its impact on species abundance/composition and dissolved oxygen budgets. In open oceans the most serious problems are related to global climate change and its direct impact on temperature and pH, and indirect impacts on oxygen budgets. Development of low dissolved oxygen (hypoxic) areas in coastal areas is the most widespread deleterious consequence of eutrophication. The occurrence of dead zones is increasing, a trend that is consistent with the increase in human population and activities that result in increased fluxes of nutrients to coastal waters. Currently, most oxygen depletion events are seasonal, but trends toward longer periods and lower concentrations of oxygen are evident. Similarly, naturally occurring open ocean oxygen minimum zones are expanding into shallower water from the effects of global climate change. As a result, the future status of hypoxia and its consequences for the environment, society and economies will depend on a combination of climate change (primarily from warming, and altered patterns for wind, currents and precipitation) and land-use change (primarily from expanded human population, agriculture and nutrient loadings). The overall forecast is for all forms of hypoxia to worsen, with increased occurrence, frequency, intensity and duration. It is not all bad news, hypoxia in areas predicted to receive less rainfall may improve, and the consequences of regional eutrophication-induced hypoxia can and have been reversed with long-term and persistent efforts to manage and reduce nutrient and or organic matter loads, which has lead to the restoration of ecosystem services. Reversing the expansion of oxygen minimum zones will more difficult, requiring a global management approach to mitigate global warming trends. Hypoxia and dead zones represent a potentially enormous ecological and economic threat to global ecosystem services, which is in the billions of U.S. dollars annually.

The following sections are included:

• WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PROBLEMS FOR LIFE IN THE OCEAN NOW, AT THE DAWN OF THE 21^ST CENTURY?
• EXTENT OF THE GEOGRAPHIC BIAS IN ‘GLOBAL’ STUDIES OF FISHERIES STATUS PUBLISHED BY SCIENCE
• TOTAL RECONSTRUCTED CATCHES FOR WEST AFRICA: DOMESTIC
• TOTAL RECONSTRUCTED CATCHES FOR WEST AFRICA: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN
• PROJECTED CHANGE IN CATCH POTENTIAL IN 50 YEARS
• IN SUMMARY
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Modern cities are served by energy networks, especially electrical grids which are large, interconnected means for moving energy over wide geographic area. The peculiarities of electric grids lead to the potential of disruption over very wide geographical area. For example, electricity must be produced and consumed simultaneously and due to the interconnected nature, a change in one area of the grid can affect other areas, almost instantaneously; local and regional supply and demand must be balanced to avoid blackouts. Further, infrastructure components such as fuel supply, generating plants and transmission grids have limited capacity. Attacks on the traditional electric grid and its components have been well recognized as a means for disruption. Currently, a combination of economic and environmental issues has led to a large increase in use of natural gas as a fuel for electric generation. In some regions more than 50% of electrical energy is derived from natural gas. The natural gas network which supplies generating stations is thus a critical component of the electric network and though they are similar to electric grids in vulnerability, the natural gas network is far less flexible in operation and response to disruptions and thus may represent a significant security risk. In this note, we give a brief overview of the gas network and comparison of its vulnerabilities especially as compared to the better studied electric grid. We find that a major difference in these systems is that whereas coal, oil and nuclear plants for example have significant amounts of on-site fuel, gas power plants typically have almost no reserve on site. In addition, electrical grids have well developed means for switching power between networks in short time, such capabilities do not typically exist in the gas network. Some means for mitigating the effects of attacks such as increased local storage capability will also be discussed.

Cities are ‘mega critical’ national infrastructure (MCNI) which depend on energy and water systems. This paper identifies hybrid threats to the availability of energy and water and outlines a sustainable framework for mitigation which subsumes traditional resilience approaches. Sustainable systems maintain operational capability and can endure threats, changes in technology and environmental changes. Recommendations are made for proof of concept work to model a MCNI sustainability framework that prioritises security and control ahead of safety performance so that the energy and water systems remain operational under all-hazards and safety is delivered through systems that remain under control. Emerging risks are threats from terrorism, state actors and vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks on interconnected systems, and systems designed for convergence and integration of critical operations in smart cities, smart energy and water grids and intelligent structures.

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
• DISCUSSION OF THE MODEL
• OPERATIONAL SCENARIO CONSIDERATIONS
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
• COMMERCIAL VERSUS TERRORIST UAV
• TYPE MISSION OBJECTIVE/PAYLOADS
• MISSION PERFORMANCE PERIMETERS
• MISSION PLANNING
• THEORETICAL THREAT SCENARIO
• UAV AS TOOL FOR FIRST RESPONDERS
• SUMMARY

Note from Publisher: This is a single page pdf listing the panelists of the roundtable discussion.

The following sections are included:

• CLIMATE MODELS DON'T WORK; RED IS OBSERVED; BARS ARE MODELS
• SATELLITE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF LOWER ATMOSPHERE ALSO SHOW LITTLE WARMING
• EARTH'S THERMAL RADIATION MEASURED BY A SATELLITE
• CO₂ VIBRATIONAL MODES
• FERMI RESONANCES
• ROTATIONAL SIDEBANDS
• PHYSICS OF RADIATION
• ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT (E-FOLDINGS/LENGTH)
• THOUSANDS OF LINES! LINE STRENGTHS VARY BY 10 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
• ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE OF CROSS SECTIONS COMPLICATES LINE-BY-LINE CALCULATIONS OF RADIATIVE FLUX!
• INCREASING CO₂ CONCENTRATION C BY 1000 ONLY INCREASES DOWNWELLING BY 10!
• LOGARITHMIC DEPENDENCE OF DOWNWELLING IR ON CO₂ CONCENTRATION
• FAR WINGS OF INTENSE CORES LINES GIVE TOO MUCH RADIATIVE FORCING FOR PURE VOIGT PROFILES!
• NEGLECTING LINE PEDESTALS GIVES OVERESTIMATE OF RADIATIVE FORCING BY ABOUT 40%
• VOIGT LINE SHAPES DON'T WORK IN FAR WINGS!
• SUMMARY

Systematic measurement errors of surface air and sea surface temperature (SST) sensors are surveyed. Field-calibrations reveal that the traditional Cotton Regional Shelter (Stevenson screen) and the modern Maximum-Minimum Temperature Sensor (MMTS) shield suffer daily average 1σ systematic measurement errors of ±0.44°C or ±0.32°C, respectively, stemming chiefly from solar and albedo irradiance and insufficient windspeed. Marine field calibrations of bucket or engine cooling-water intake thermometers revealed typical SST measurement errors of 1σ = ±0.6°C, with some data sets exhibiting ±1°C errors. These systematic measurement errors are not normally distributed, are not known to be reduced by averaging, and must thus enter into the global average of surface air temperatures. Modern floating buoys exhibit proximate SST error differences of ±0.16°C. These known systematic errors combine to produce an estimated lower limit uncertainty of 1σ = ±0.5°C in the global average of surface air temperatures prior to 1980, descending to about ±0.36°C by 2010 with the gradual introduction of modern instrumentation. At the 95% confidence interval, the rate or magnitude of the global rise in surface air temperature since 1850 is unknowable.

The following sections are included:

• THE DYNAMICS
• GCR AND SUNSPOTS
• GCR AND AA INDEX
• CORRELATION BETWEEN CLOUD COVER AND CR
• LORENZ SYSTEM
• TAKEN'S THEOREM
• COSMIC RAYS VS. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
• EVIDENCE FOR DYNAMICS
• CCM (D=5) AND SURROGATES 1
• CCM (D=5) AND SURROGATES 2
• CCM AND SURROGATES 1
• CCM BETWEEN CR AND CCSM4 NCAR MODEL
• CCM EMBEDDING DIMENSION 8
• GRANGER CAUSALITY
• CONCLUSIONS

The following sections are included:

• WHAT IS ENERGY POVERTY?
• WHY IS ENERGY POVERTY IMPORTANT?
• WHERE ARE THE ENERGY POOR?
• WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ENERGY POVERTY?
• WHY IS ENERGY POVERTY A NON-LINEAR PROBLEM?
• WHAT WOULD IT COST TO ALLEVIATE ENERGY POVERTY?
• WHAT IS BEING DONE?
• IS THIS ONLY A QUESTION OF MONEY?
• WHAT ARE COST TARGETS?
• WHAT CAN BE DONE?
• WHY IS SCIENCE IMPORTANT TO THIS PROBLEM?
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This was actually taken in the Kurdish region of Iraq—I'm sure the Islamic State wouldn't appreciate the face showing!…

The following sections are included:

• HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SUPPORT OF THE PMPT—MOTIVATIONS GROUP
• RESPONSES TO IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL
• OPPOSITION TO DEAL IS FEAR-BASED
• REGIONAL REACTION TO DEAL
• OUR SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVORS
• CURRENT RESEARCH (ARTIS AND OXFORD)

The following sections are included:

• WHY FOCUS ON MOTIVATIONS?
• WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT ABOUT MOTIVATIONS?
• WHAT CHANGES ABOUT THE WAY OF THINKING?
• FUSION
• SACRED VALUES
• THE DANGERS OF RATIONAL JUDGEMENT
• A THEORY OF FUSION, SACRED VALUES AND IRRATIONALITY
• LESSONS LEARNT ABOUT MOTIVATION

The following sections is included:

• IN THE BEGINNING…
• TODAY…
• THIS PLENARY:

In this paper I will:

• Outline the history of the development of this herbicide;
• Detail current dependency on the use of glyphosate;
• Discuss the issue of vested interests;
• Describe how farming systems rely on glyphosate
• Describe the limitations of no-till and min-till as alternative farming systems;
• Explain why mixed-farming systems offer the best models for farming without glyphosate;
• Describe the key characteristics of an alternative farming system

The following sections are included:

• MUMBAI…
• MY INDIA!!!
• CHAIN OF INFECTION
• HIV-1 SUBTYPES: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
• SUBTYPES IN INDIA
• ADULTS AND CHILDREN ESTIMATED TO BE LIVING WITH HIV: 2014
• COMPARISON OF SCENARIO FOR DRUG RESISTANCE TESTING
• CHAIN OF INFECTION
• RESERVOIR
• NATURAL COURSE OF HIV INFECTION
• TASP: TREATMENT AS PREVENTION
• HPTN 052: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LINKED TRANSMISSIONS
• TASP: TREATMENT AS PREVENTION
• TASP: TREATMENT AS PREVENTION
• HIV PREVENTION IN CARE AND TREATMENT
• BENEFIT OF TasP
• ART FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
• WHAT IS A “TEST AND TREAT” STRATEGY?
• VIRAL PROPERTIES
• HOST PROPERTIES
• TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY
• CHAIN OF INFECTION
• ESTIMATED NEW HIV INFECTIONS BY ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION, 2010
• CONDOMS
• SAHELI PROJECT: PEER EDUCATION MODEL FOR SEX WORKERS
• MICROBICIDES
• MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION
• PREVENTION OF MTCT
• BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS
• COMMUNITY OUTBREAK OF HIV-1 INFECTION LINKED TO INJECTION DRUG USE OF OXYMORPHONE—INDIANA, 2015
• CUMULATIVE HIV INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED, SCOTT COUNTY, INDIANA THROUGH JUNE 14, 2015 (N=170)
• PEP (POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS)
• HIV PREVENTION TOOLS—INFECTION RATES
• CHAIN OF INFECTION
• PREP: PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
• CCR5 Δ32 MUTATION
• OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• CIRCUMCISION
• NON-SURGICAL CIRCUMCISION
• VACCINES and CURE
• CURE RESEARCH
• FUNCTIONAL CURE
• HIV CONTROLLERS
• INFECTIOUSNESS: IN SIMPLE TERMS
• HIV IN INDIA: MILESTONES
• WHY DID OUR EPIDEMIC NOT PROGRESS AFRICAN WAY?
• THE REALITY WHY THE EPIDEMIC IS BETTER CONTROLLED IN INDIA IS PERHAPS
• OVERALL HIV PREVALENCE RATES BY SUB-POPULATIONS IN 2008-2009 & 2012. NACO
• KEY CHALLENGES IN CONTROLLING HIV AMONG MSM
• A COMPLEX ISSUE: AWARE VS. UNAWARE
• FIRST-LINE SCALE UP…
• NO. OF PATIENTS ON 2^ND LINE ART ~ A TREND 2008-14
• THE REALITY IS…
• PATIENTS ON ART IN INDIA. NACO
• CATEGORIES OF DISTRICTS
• LARGE DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE AMONG STATES Claeson, M. et al. 2008
• ADVANTAGE INDIA! GENERIC COMPETITION BRINGS PRICES DOWN AND THE REASON—WHY U.S. PRESIDENT OBAMA WAS FURIOUS WITH INDIA/INDIANS?
• LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE
• THANKS

The following sections are included:

• TODAY'S PRESENTATION
• INFECTIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF CANCER
• SUMMARY OF MALARIA STUDIES
• TREATMENT OF BURKITT LYMPHOMA
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

How does the cost of countermeasures to avert an impact of an asteroid or comet nucleus on Earth compare with expected fatalities, injuries, economic and material losses (including infrastructure), and historic and cultural losses? Our objective is to assess the potential for casualties, injuries, and material and economic losses resulting from possible impacts by comparing the energetics of such impacts with the total energies dissipated during events of major natural disasters and compare these losses with the costs of implementing procedures to avoid such collisions. The emphasis of natural disasters is placed here on earthquakes because their energetics and consequences are similar but better understood and databases for fatalities and material and economic losses have been gathered by the insurance industry and are available for comparison. We also make comparisons with underground nuclear tests for which the energy release is well known. If the kinetic energy of a 100 m asteroid (often referred to as a “city killer”), which is smaller than the planned lower detection limit for asteroids, were completely converted to seismic energy in a collision with Earth, it would be equivalent to an earthquake of about magnitude 8 on the Richter scale, but its seismic effects depend on energy containment and partitioning. Extensive damage is caused by air blast (and tsunami for an impact at sea). Well over 100,000 people have died since 1920 in each of six earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or larger. In the Haiyuan earthquake (magnitude about 8) in a sparsely populated area of rural central China (about 50 people per square kilometer) 200,000 to 273,000 people died, and the estimated time for recurrence of such an event is about 800 to 1600 years; not too different from the impact probability of a 100 m asteroid. Losses from injuries were over $1 billion in each of the seven most damaging earthquakes since 1994 and uninsured losses were as high as $210 billion in just one of these earthquakes. The goal here is to reduce or even avoid risks for fatalities and losses from impacts through knowledge-based actions. The results can be used to compare expected losses with the costs of countermeasures. Costs for countermeasures are based on NASA's Deep Impact mission that released an impactor at high speed into the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel in 2005. The cost of that mission was about $330 million. Depending on the size and orbital parameters of a PHO, several countermeasure missions may have to be launched, but for multiple missions the cost of each individual mission will be less. Readiness is the most important aspect for countermeasures to be successful.

Of the major natural disasters, asteroid impacts stand out as being that one that can extinguish civilization in a single stroke and is possible to prevent with current technology. Most impact consequence discussions dealt with the rare asteroids of order 1 km and larger. However, smaller asteroids with diameters of 100 m or smaller are much more common and the larger asteroids can devastate a several thousand km² area. The size distribution of asteroids and their interaction with Earth's atmosphere imply that 99% of all asteroid impacts will results in airbursts, most of which will have little effect on the ground. As the Tunguska and Chelyabinsk impacts show, an airburst over a major city would be devastating. We find that a 100 m size asteroid (often referred to as a “city killer”) can destroy much of a major city by the combination of impact cratering, blast wave, and earthquakes. If the impact is in the water, then devastating tsunamis can result. We note that while the latest planned NASA survey will discover many objects 100 m or smaller when completed several decades from now, the survey completion limit is set to the larger size of 140 m mean diameter.

Results of development of the International Planetary Defence System (PDS) named “Citadel” components are presented. It is shown, that modern rocket-space and nuclear technologies allow creating a fast reaction defence against dangerous celestial bodies (DCBs) up to several hundred meters in size. If the prevention of a DCB collision with the Earth is impossible, it is necessary to take a set of measures for minimisation of the space disaster damage. As an example, we present results of consequences simulation of two hypothetical asteroid falls—on the territory of the Moscow region and Sicily, obtained by using a special software system.

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
• MITIGATION DEMONSTRATION MISSION DESIGNS
• TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
• MITIGATION-RELEVANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASTEROIDS
• GLOBAL RESPONSE CAMPAIGN ROADMAP
• SUMMARY
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES

The orbits evolve under gravitational and non-gravitational perturbations.

Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHA): Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) ≤ 0.05 AU, and Absolute Magnitude H ≤ 22 → (size > 150 m)…

The world is in the midst of a period of hyper-urbanization that started last century and will continue well into the present one. This process is resulting in the formation of an increasing number of mega-cities that concentrate tens of millions of inhabitants into vast urbanized regions. One of the main challenges of this phenomenon, if not the main one, is to meet the water need of all the inhabitants of these conurbations. A challenge that is both complex and costly, and yet inescapable. Exacerbating this challenge is the fact that practically all of the unprecedented urban growth is taking place in less developed regions, those least able to cope with the challenges of urbanization. This paper contends that the old paradigm of simply transporting water from distant sources to the emerging mega-cities is not only prohibitive in terms of financial, environmental and political costs, but not feasible in terms of the enormous need for water these urban areas concentrate. It is suggested that what is required are holistic water policies based on a new paradigm that takes into account the multiplicity of ways water is used within the urban metabolism.

If we want to measure progress towards a more sustainable state of our societies we need to move from the typical habit of just using GDP as the only important indicator for policy. The typical representations of sustainability focus on three aspects: environment, society and economy. These are not three equivalent components (as it could be understood from Figure 1), since they have very different characteristics: while the economic system changes rapidly and something economically unfavorable can become feasible changing taxes or incentives, the social system is much slower in changes and for the environment there is nothing we can do to make favorable something that is harmful.

Modern day shipyard construction techniques have enabled the deployment of extremely large floating facilities, including large scale (100s of MW-electric to >1 GW) nuclear energy systems. These ship-based energy systems appear to offer a variety of unique benefits relative to present modes of energy production, centered on minimizations of environmental footprint, effects on human health, total system costs, and attainable rates-&-latencies of deployment. Not only can they offer the exceptionally low externalities of modern nuclear power generation, but they can do so with far lower and more predictable costs, shorter lead times, and reduced financial risks to both vendors and customers. Well-designed versions of such systems can achieve an unparalleled level of manifest safety while strengthening resistance against proliferation and diversion…

The following sections are included:

• THE POSITION OF THE ENERGY GROUP OF THE EPS
• THE ENERGY GROUP OF THE EPS THEREFORE RECOMMENDS THE FOLLOWING
• REFERENCES

Leading up to yet another highly-promoted United Nations event on climate in December, climate as a topic remains filled with daunting scientific and human problems.

The following sections are included:

• Professor Annette Sobel (Co-Chair)
• Dr. Sally Leivesley (Co-Chair)
• Professor Robert Duncan
• Dr. Richard Garwin
• Professor Pervez Hoodboy
• Dr. Vasiliy Krivokhiza
• Professor Richard Lanza
• Dr. Alan (Leigh) Moore
• Professor Friedrich Steinhausler
• Professor Richard Wilson (Absent)
• Exercise scenario and Advisors: Dr. Grayman, Dr. Kroll, Dr. Budnitz, Ambassador Wegener

The following sections are included:

• SESSION DEVELOPMENT
• CONTRIBUTIONS
• “FRESH WATER PRESERVATION IN KOREA”—Prof. Sun Kun OH, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
• “THE STRUGGLE FOR WATER IN AN URBANIZING WORLD: CONSTRUCTING HOLISTIC POLICIES”—Professor Ignacio Armillas, Urban Planning and Development, Mexico.
• “CRITICAL WATER ISSUES IN AFRICA” —Colonel (Ret.) Mbareck Diop, Former Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the Republic of Senegal
• AFRICA CHALLENGES
• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• POLLUTION PANEL ACTIVITIES 2015
• POLLUTION PMP 2016 THEMES
• POLLUTION PMP MEETING PARTICIPANTS

The following sections are included:

• RENEWABLE AND NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
• PROJECT FOR MAN
• 2015 ENERGY PMP MEETING
• 2015 PLENARY SESSIONS
• PARTICIPATION IN 2015 ERICE EXERCISE ON SMART CITY RESILIENCE
• ENERGY PMP PRIORITIES FOR 2015
• GUIDING PRINCIPLES

The following sections is included:

• MATERNAL AND CHILD MORTALITY IS A PLANETARY EMERGENCY

The following sections are included:

• AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PMP: 2015 ACTIVITIES
• SESSION 12: MECHANISMS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY/RESISTANCE TO HUMAN PATHOLOGIES
• AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PMP 2015 PROPOSAL
• AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PMP 2014-15 ACTIVITIES
• THE 7^TH GVN MEETING HAS BEEN ORGANIZED IN BEIJING (16-19 MAY)
• HLA PEPTIDOME FOR TUMAP IDENTIFICATION
• AIDS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PMP 2015 PROPOSAL

Our plenary presentation this year, a Round Table entitled “From Bad to Worse: the New Dimension of Cyber Threat” has attempted to present a concise portrait of the alarming current state of global cyber insecurity in its various aspects, emphasizing the extremely rapid growth of all elements that constitute the overall threat landscape. As this debate, conducted less than two days ago, is presumably still fresh on the mind of the audience, I will not summarize it here, the more so as a transcript of the Round Table will appear in the seminar yearbook…

The following sections are included:

• ONGOING ACTIVITIES OF THE PMP
• NEW ACTIVITIES OF THE PMP

A proposal to set up a permanent Monitoring Panel (PMP) on “Fast Computing and Informatics Frontiers and Ecological Science” has been discussed at the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies in August 2012 at ERICE…

Let me close this 48^th Session of our Seminars recalling the basic points of our activities, whose target is the New Manhattan Project.

• Section 1: The role of our PMPs.
• Section 2: The 72 Planetary Emergencies.
• Section 3: The Logic of the New Manhattan Project where the ELN collider plays the most important role. A brief summary of the physics motivations is given in Figures 3–12.
• Section 4: The status of the EEE Project is illustrated in Figure 13. The purpose of the project is to involve the young generation in one of the frontiers problems of our physics: the origin of cosmic rays

The following sections are included:

• ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AIDS ASSOCIATED NEOPLASIAS
• DEVELOPMENT OF ONCOGENIC VIRUS VACCINES
• SCIENCE-RELATED SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
• WFS – NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM UGANDA

The following sections are included:

• CORE PROJECTS
• PROCEDURE
• DURING THE LAST YEAR, WE SUPPORTED 3 FELLOWS
• BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE WORK WE HAVE DONE OVER THE LAST YEAR
• CHANGE OF TOPIC: HADRON CALORIMETERS
• THANK YOU

The WFS programme of one-year scholarships for performing research in the areas that have been defined as Planetary Emergencies by the World Federation of Sciences has been continued in Lithuania in 2014-2015 by the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Ten successful applicants have completed their projects in May, 2015.

The following sections are included:

• SIX WORLDLAB FELLOWS
• A SPECTACULAR POST-AGB STAR: THE RED RECTANGLE
• AN AGB STAR SEEN POLE ON: EP Aqr
• NEUTRAL ATOMIC HYDROGEN (HI) OBSERVATIONS
• RX J0911 AND OTHER REMOTE GALAXIES
• TRAINING AND OUTREACH
• CONCLUSION

The following sections are included:

• PROJECT I
• PROJECT II
• PROJECT III
• PROJECT IV
• PROJECT V
• PROJECT VI
• PROJECT VII
• PROJECT VIII
• PROJECT IX
• PROJECT X
• PROJECT XI
• PROJECT XII
• BEYOND 2012-13
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following sections are included:

• CONTENTS
• REVIEW OF ACHIEVEMENTS AND FINDINGS BY WORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENTIST SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS FROM SLOVENIA
• SUPPORT ACTIVITIES FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CONTENT RELATED TO SCIENCE THAT IS THE FOCUS OF THE WORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENTISTS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The following sections are included:

• THE CONTEXT
• LETTER OF SUPPORT FROM THE MINISTER OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• STUDENT: AISSATOU FAYE
• STUDENT: NDÉYE MATY NDIAYE
• STUDENT: YOUNOUSS DIEYE
• STUDENT: MOUSTAPHA DIOP
• STUDENT: FATOUMA FALL
• STUDENT: MARIAMA NGOM
• STUDENT: MOHAMED IZZEDINE SERGE ADJIBADE
• STUDENT: AHMADOU TIDIANE DIABY
• STUDENT: DANIEL GOUBA
• STUDENT: OUSMANE WANE
• STUDENT: DAHIROU WANE
• DISTRIBUTION OF 11 AWARDED STUDENTS IN 2015 AND THE TOTAL OF 90 STUDENTS FROM 2005 TO 2014
• LETTER OF THANKING AND ENCOURAGING FROM THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION OF SENEGAL
• CONCLUSION

It is a privilege for the research community of Moldova to be part of an organization with more than 10,000 (ten thousand) members from 110 (a hundred and ten) member countries. Thank you for the opportunity to present the latest developments of the cooperation between Moldova and the World Federation of Scientist.

The following sections are included:

• APPLICATIONS OF THE OCTONIONIC QUASI-GROUPS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
• BAND-INSULATOR-METAL TRANSITION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL HUBBARD MODEL WITH SPIN-DEPENDED HOPPING
• STUDY OF CANDIDATE COMPOUNDS FOR MAGNETOCALORIC MATERIALS
• HUMAN EM EXPOSURE STUDY FOR SOME BIG SCENARIOS (ROOM WITH WINDOW) USING MAS
• OPTIMAL ANTENNA SYNTHESIS PROBLEM BY THE PREDETERMINED FAR FIELD PATTERN
• GaN HETEROSTRUCTURE BARRIER VARACTOR DIODE MODELLING
• OUTLINE
• NEXT STEPS
• MESH ADAPTATION FOR LINEAR ADVECTION EQUATION AND ITS ADJOINT ON HEXAGONAL MESHES
• MULTISCHEME FOR LINEAR ADVECTION EQUATION AND ITS ADJOINT ON CARTESIAN MESHES

The following sections are included:

• WFS NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMME REPORT—2014-2015
• LALA AHMADOVA
• TURAL NAGHIYEV
• FERID SEYFULLAYEV
• SHAHLA KHALILOVA
• KHAYALA GASANOVA

The following sections are included:

• Population: 35.0 million (2015)
• Annual growth rate 3.03% (projected to reach 47.4 million in 2025)
• Expanding pyramid structure
  • 49.9% <15 years
  • 48.1% 15-64 years
  • 2.1% 64+ years

Tajikistan World Federation of Scientists National Scholarship Program at the lines began in October 2001…

The following sections are included:

• SUMMARY RESULTS
• BUJDEI ANDREEA-ANCUŢA
• DEAC AGLAIA RALUCA
• DEAK NOEMI
• MIHÁLY RÉKA
• ANCA-DANIELA FARCAŞ
• ALEXANDRINA ZUZA
• CARMEN MÂNZATU
• ÉVA ANDREA MOLNÁR
• VLAD-ALEXANDRU TOMA
• TÖRÖK ANAMARIA
• CONCLUDING REMARKS

The following sections are included:

• 2013: TWO GRANTEES
• 2014: TWO GRANTEES
• NEED
• OUTPUT

The following sections are included:

• Established in late 1998
• Started in 1999
• So far 103 young Bulgarian Scholars have been granted a scholarship in the field of 13 Planetary Emergencies

The following sections are included:

• MAJOR ACHIEVEMENT 50 YEARS AGO
• AFRICA AT CERN
• OBJECTIVES
• SOUTH AFRICA IN ALICE: HISTORICAL EVENTS
• SOUTH AFRICA GROUP
• SOUTH AFRICA GROUP: STUDENT ACTIVITIES
• PHYSICS
• REPORT ON STUDENT PROGRESS
• CONCLUSIONS
• OUTREACH

The following sections is included:

• SEMINAR PARTICIPANTS