Handbook of Carbon Nano Materials

The following sections are included:

• Contents

• Preface

• List of Contributors

• Contents of Volumes 1 and 2

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Fullerene Building Blocks for Porphyrin Synthesis

• Fullerene Building Blocks for Dendrimer Synthesis
  • Divergent synthesis
  • Convergent synthesis

• Click Chemistry with Fullerene Building Blocks
  • Click chemistry with fullerene mono- and bis-adducts
  • Click chemistry with fullerene hexa-adducts

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Regioselective Intramolecular cis-1 Cycloadditions to Fullerenes
  • Intramolecular nucleophilic addition of phenols
  • Intramolecular nucleophilic addition of alcohols and thiols

• Fuller-1,6-enynes: New and Versatile Building Blocks in Fullerene Chemistry
  • The Pauson–Khand reaction on [60]fullerene
  • Thermally induced [2+2] cyclizations from fuller-1,6-enynes
  • Thermally induced intramolecular ene reaction of fuller-1,6-enynes: synthesis of fulleroallenes
  • Theoretical study of the thermal intramolecular reactions of fuller-1,6-enynes

• Catalytic Enantioselective Cycloadditions: Chiral Fullerenes

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Assemblies
  • Covalent phthalocyanine-fullerene systems
  • Non-covalent phthalocyanine-fullerene systems

• Phthalocyanine-CNT Assemblies
  • Covalent phthalocyanine-carbon nanotube systems
  • Non-covalent phthalocyanine-carbon nanotube systems

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Methods of Synthesis
  • General remarks
  • In situ formation of PFAFs in an arc generator or mass spectrometer
  • Synthesis of PFAFs: reactions with metal trifluoroacetates
  • Synthesis of PFAFs: reactions with perfluoroalkyl iodides
    • Reactions CF₃I
    • Reactions with R_FI (R_F = C₂F₅, C₃F₇, C₄F₉, C₆F₁₃, and C₁₂F₂₅)

• Methods of Isolation and Characterization
  • Selective syntheses of PFAFs
  • Purification methods
  • Characterization
    • Mass spectrometry
    • Vibrational and UV-vis spectroscopy
    • NMR spectroscopy
    • X-ray crystallography

• Physical Properties

• Electrochemical Properties

• Chemical Properties

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Cage Frameworks, Positions, and Movements of Encaged Species
  • Monometallofullerenes
  • Dimetallofullerenes
  • Clusterfullerenes

• Electronic Properties of Pristine Endohedral Metallofullerenes

• Chemistry of Endohedral Metallofullerenes
  • Bis-silylation
  • Electrophilic carbene addition
  • 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • Diels–Alder reaction
  • Radical reaction

• Electronic Tuning by Chemical Functionalization

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Synthesis
  • Historical perspective on oxometallic fullerene (OMF) and metallic nitride fullerene (MNF) synthesis
  • Electric-arc synthesis of OMFs

• Isolation
  • Stir and Filter Approach (SAFA) for Sc₄O₂@C₈₀ and Sc₄O₃@C₈₀
  • Selective precipitation method using Lewis acids
    • Isolation of a Stage 1 metallofullerene (e.g., Sc₄O₃@C₈₀)
    • Isolation of a Stage 2 metallofullerene (e.g., Sc₂O@C₈₂)

• Reactivity
  • Reactivity comparison with other fullerenes
  • Reactivity comparison to electrochemical band gap

• UV Characterization

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Electron Transfer Reactions in Artificial Photosynthetic Systems

• Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthesis — Catenanes and Rotaxanes

• Synthesis of Ferrocene-C₆₀-Rotaxane

• Synthesis of Zn(II)-Porphyrin-“Stoppered”-C₆₀-Rotaxane

• Synthesis of Zn(II)-Porphyrin-C₆₀-[2]Catenates

• Structural Characterization

• Synthesis of [3]Catenates

• Conclusion and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Characterizations of Individually Solubilized Carbon Nanotubes

• Individual Solubilization of SWNTs Using Surfactant Micelles

• DNA/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids

• Individual Solubilization of SWNTs Using Functional Aromatic Molecules

• Nanotube/Polymer Composites

• Redox Reaction and Determination of Electronic States of Carbon Nanotubes

• Electrocatalyst for Fuel Cell Using Soluble CNTs

• Concluding Remarks

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Carbon Nanotubes: Type, Structure and Properties

• Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

• Characterization of CNTs
  • Thermogravimetric analysis
  • Spectroscopic characterization
    • Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
    • Resonance Raman spectroscopy
    • UV-vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy
    • Infrared spectroscopy
    • Emission spectroscopy
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
    • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • Scanning probe microscopy
    • Atomic force microscopy
    • Scanning tunneling microscopy
  • Electron microscopy
    • Transmission electron microscopy
    • Scanning electron microscopy

• Organic Functionalization of CNTs
  • Covalent surface chemistry of CNTs
    • Amidation and esterification of oxidized CNTs
      • Esterification reactions
      • Amidation reactions
    • Covalent sidewall (and tip) functionalization
      • Halogenation
      • Addition of carbenes and nitrenes
      • 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
      • Diels–Alder cycloadditions
      • Nucleophilic and electrophilic additions
      • Free-radical additions
      • Reduction and reductive alkylations
      • Direct arylations
        • Diazonium coupling
        • C-C coupling chemistry catalyzed by Palladium
      • Ozonolysis
      • Grafting of polymers
      • Mechanochemical functionalizations
  • Non-covalent adsorption or wrapping of functional molecules
  • The endohedral filling of the CNTs inner empty cavity

• Double functionalization reactions

• Applications: Supramolecular Chemistry

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Retro–Diels–Alder Reaction
  • Thermal vs. electrochemical stability of Diels–Alder adducts
  • Tether-directed remote functionalization
  • Orthogonal transposition approach
  • Diels–Alder adducts of substituted isobenzofurans and C₆₀

• Retro-cyclopropanation Reaction
  • Electrochemically induced retro-cyclopropanation reactions
    • C₆₀ Fullerene derivatives
      • Walk-on-the-sphere rearrangements
    • C₇₀ Fullerene derivatives and higher fullerenes
  • Chemical retro-cyclopropanation reaction
    • Tandem reductive ring opening-retro-Bingel reaction

• Retro-1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions
  • Chemical retro-cycloaddition of pyrrolo[3,4:1,2] [60]fullerenes
    • Electrochemical retro-cycloaddition of pyrrolo [3,4:1,2] [60]fullerenes
    • Endohedral derivatives and their stability
  • Retro-cycloaddition reaction of isoxazolo[3,4:1,2] [60]fullerenes
    • Chemical retro-cycloaddition
    • Electrochemical retro-cycloaddition
  • Retro-cycloaddition reaction of pyrazolino[3,4:1,2] [60]fullerenes
    • Chemical retro-cycloaddition
    • Competitive retro-cycloaddition of fullerene dimers

• Conclusions and Outlook

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Molecular Porphyrin Hosts for Fullerenes

• The Porphyrin-Fullerene Interaction

• Cobalt(II) Porphyrins and Fullerenes
  • Synthesis of bis-porphyrins
  • Binding Constants and Charge Transfer Bands
  • X-ray Structures of T_3,4,5-OMePP Cocrystallates

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Complexation in Organic Solutions
  • General considerations
  • Calixarene-type hosts
  • Porphyrin-containing hosts
  • Tetrathiafulvalene-containing hosts
  • Some other hosts

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Photodynamics of Electron Transfer in Fullerene Based Dyads
  • Donor–acceptor dyads
  • Charge transfer and recombination
  • Exciplex intermediate
  • Intramolecular energy transfer
  • Triplet state
  • Reaction schemes

• Electron Transfer in Organized Molecular Films
  • Organized molecular films
  • Intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer in films
  • Energy transfer and excitation annihilation
  • Interlayer charge transfer and photocurrent generation

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Porphyrin Excitation
  • Porphyrin-bridge-fullerene molecules
    • Short bisacetylene bridges
    • Long phenyleneacetylene bridges
    • Long acetylene bridges
    • Long phenylenevinylene bridges
    • Oligothiophenevinylene bridges
    • Long oligothiophene bridges
    • Insertion of crown ether in oligo-thiophene bridge
    • Short disilane bridges
    • Long oligo-silane bridges

• Fullerene Excitation for C₆₀-Bridge-Donor Systems
  • Short linkage
    • C₆₀-bridge-aromatic amine
    • C₆₀-bridge-ferrocene
  • Long linkages
    • C₆₀-thiophenevinylene-ferrocene
    • C₆₀-phenylenevinylene-extTTF

• CS Process after EnT via Bridge Excitation
  • CS via isolated bridge
  • CS via conjugated bridge

• Concluding Remarks

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Symmetrical Rotaxanes
  • Bis-biphenylamines
  • Bis-porphyrins

• Unsymmetrical Rotaxanes
  • Two components
    • Ferrocene-tethered fullerene rotaxanes
      • Temperature effect of flexible rotaxane
      • Axle charge and length effects
    • Amine-tethered fullerene rotaxanes
    • Fullerene-tethered porphyrin rotaxanes
  • Three components
    • C₆₀-porphyrin rotaxane with ferrocene as a second donor
    • Triphenylamine as a second donor

• Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgment

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes

• Derivative Cup-Shaped Nanocarbons

• Porphyrin-Functionalized Cup-Shaped Nanocarbons

• Carbon Nanodiamond-Porphyrin Assembly

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Energy and Electron Transfer: Principles and Applications

• Fullerene-C₆₀ Functionalized with Donor Units
  • Synthetic strategies for C₆₀-based materials
  • Electroactive electron donor-C₆₀ dyads

• Light-Harvesting C₆₀-Based Dyads
  • Photoactive electron donor – C₆₀ and electron acceptor-C₆₀ dyads
  • Association of perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) with C₆₀
    • Properties and applications of PDI
    • State of the art in C₆₀-PDI assemblies
  • Angers and Amsterdam's C₆₀-PDI assemblies
    • The concept of antenna
    • Synthesis of bay-substituted C₆₀-PDI dyads and corresponding electrochemical behaviour
    • Photophysics of C₆₀-PDI dyads: the concept of super-absorbing fullerenes
    • Incorporation of C₆₀-PDI dyads in bulk-heterojunction
  • Association of perylene-3,4-mono(dicarboximide) with C₆₀

• Conclusions and Outlook

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Langmuir–Blodgett Films

• Self-Assembled Monolayers
  • Self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes
  • Self-assembled Monolayers on ITO Electrodes

• Layer-by-Layer Deposition

• Vacuum Deposition

• Electrochemical Deposition
  • Fullerenes and their derivatives
  • Covalent linked donor-fullerene systems
  • Non-covalent linked donor-fullerene systems
  • Porphyrin-fullerene composite systems
  • Carbon nanotube-fullerene composite systems

• Chemical Adsorption and Spin-Coating Deposition
  • Solution-processed bulk-heterojunction solar cells
  • Hydrogen bonding systems
  • Coordination bonding systems

• Conclusion and Perspectives

• References

The following sections are included:

• Fundamentals of Photorefractivity
  • Photorefractivity in organic materials

• Measurement Techniques
  • Two-beam coupling — a simple test for photorefractivity
  • Four-wave mixing measurements

• Photorefractive Materials
  • The photosensitizer
  • The photoconductor
  • The NLOphore
  • The trap

• Pristine [60]Fullerene or [60]Fullerene-[70]Fullerene Mixtures as Photosensitizers in PR Materials

• [60]Fullerene Derivatives as Photosensitizers in PR Materials
  • [6,6]-PCBM as photosensitizer
  • C₆₀-based dyads as photosensitizers

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Chemical Functionalization of Fullerenes

• Molecular Machines

• Molecular Wires

• Molecular Photoelectrochemistry

• Conclusion and Outlook

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Preparation of the CNT/Polymer Composites
  • Mixing of CNTs and polymers in a solvent solution (solution processing)
  • Melting of polymers in the presence of CNTs
  • Chemical polymerization
  • Electrochemical polymerization
  • Co-deposition of conducting polymers and CNTs by electropolymerization

• Selected Properties of the CNTs/Polymer Composites
  • Electric conductivity
  • Electrochemical properties
  • Mechanical properties
  • Thermal stability

• Prospective Applications
  • Photovoltaic devices
  • Chemical and biochemical sensors
  • Electrochemical capacitors
  • Other foreseeable applications

• Conclusions

• Summary and Perspectives

• Acknowledgment

• References

The following sections are included:

• Background

• Carbon Nanotubes
  • Individual CNTs
  • Bulk CNTs

• Polymeric/Nanotube Composites
  • Thermoplastics
  • Elastomers
  • Thermosets
  • Effects of nanotube functionalization

• Graphene Nanosheets
  • Polymeric/GN composites

• Conclusions and Perspectives

• Acknowledgment

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Symmetry Breaking: Qualitative Predictions for Optics
  • Metallic SWNT: Band gap opening and metal-semiconductor transition
  • Semiconductor SWNT: Appearance of new absorption lines in circular polarization
  • Analytical theory of the symmetry breaking: Rigorous analysis for armchair SWNTs
  • Numerical modeling of the hybrids: Tight binding bandstructure calculations
  • Self-consistent computation scheme: Acting potential
  • Charge separation, screening factor and dielectric permittivity
  • Optical absorption/Photoluminescence maps of DNA/SWNT hybrids
  • Circular dichroism of DNA/SWNT hybrids

• Summary and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Index