Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials

The following sections are included:

• Preface to the First Edition

• Preface to the Second Edition

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Environmental Applications of NanoActive Materials

• Destructive Adsorption of Hazardous Chemicals by Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides

• Destructive Adsorption of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) by Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides

• Safety of NanoActive Materials

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Overview and ZVI General Process Description
  • Applications of ZVI to environmental remediation
  • ZVI process description: Chemical fundamentals
  • ZVI process description: Mechanistic aspects
  • Kinetic models of the ZVI process

• Overview of Major Methodologies for Synthesizing nZVI
  • Type I nZVI using the chloride method
  • Types II and III nZVI using the sulfate method

• Characterization of nZVI

• Summary of nZVI Research and Applications
  • Laboratory batch studies
  • Field testing demonstration

• Challenges Ahead

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Synthesis
  • Vapor-phase nanoparticle synthesis
  • Solution-phase synthesis

• Particle Handling and Characterization
  • Challenges for nanoparticle handling and characterization
  • Ex situ examples of iron nanoparticle characterization

• Methods for Characterizing Reactivity in Solution
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
  • Electrochemical methods
  • Batch and column methods

• Summary

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Calcium Phosphate Precipitation

• Apatite Formation in Sediment

• Biodegradation of Citrate
  • Citrate fermentation
  • Modeling citrate biodegradation and temperature effect

• Analysis of Apatite Precipitates Formed in Sediment

• Sorption of ⁹⁰Sr by Apatite Formed in Sediment

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Natural nanoparticle formation
  • α-zirconium phosphate and nanoparticles

• Nanoparticle Formation and its Consequences
  • Intercalation and exfoliation
  • Polymer-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites
  • Nanoparticle α-zirconium phenylphosphonate
  • Sulfonated zirconium phenylphosphonate
  • Sensors based on zirconium phosphate and phenylphosphonate

• Layer-by-Layer Constructs
  • Thin films
  • Applications of thin films

• Pillared Porous Zirconium Diphosphonates
  • Nanoparticle synthesis
  • Sulfonated zirconium biphenyldiphosphonate
  • Crown ether zirconium phosphonates
  • Non-porous diphosphonates

• Proton-conducting Fuel Cell Membranes
  • Background
  • Proton conductivity of α-zirconium phosphate and sulfophosphonates
  • Membrane preparation

• Tin(IV) Phosphonates
  • Synthesis and nanoparticle formation

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Ion Exchange Removal of Cesium and Strontium from Nuclear Waste Solutions
  • Sodium titanium silicate
  • Mechanism of cesium ion exchange process
  • Structure of strontium phases of CST
  • Kinetics of the exchange reactions

• Sodium Nonatitanate (SNT) for Selective Removal of Strontium from Basic Solutions

• Monosodium Titanate, NaTiO₅H

• Sodium Micas for Treatment of Groundwater and Tank Leaks
  • Amine-pillared micas
  • Direct synthesis of micas

• Pharmacosiderites

• Ion Exchangers for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

• Summary, Conclusions, and Chernobyl

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Sulfur-based Ligands

• Amines

• Transition Metal Complexes

• Chelating Complexants

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Environmental Significance and Main Concepts of Designing Adsorbents Based on Ordered Mesoporous Materials

• Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents Based on Ordered Mesoporous Silicas
  • Post-synthesis modification of template-free OMS
  • Surface modification of OMS via co-condensation synthesis
  • Functionalization of template-containing OMS

• Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas (PMO) as Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Ions

• A Brief Overview of Characterization of Mesostructured Adsorbents

• Metal-Containing Nanostructures as Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents

• Mesostructures for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions

• Mesoporous Materials for Capturing Toxic Pollutants Other Than Heavy Metals

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Molecular imprinting
  • Hierarchical imprinting

• Co-assembly Approach
  • Mesoporous silica adsorbents
  • Surface-imprinted polymeric adsorbents

• Stepwise Assembly Approach
  • Surface-imprinted sol-gel adsorbents
  • Surface-imprinted polymeric adsorbents
  • Surface-imprinted inorganic-organic adsorbents
  • Surface-imprinted titania gel film

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Why mesoporous materials?
  • Environmentally toxic anions
  • Hierarchy of solid structures and adsorption

• Functionalization of Mesoporous Silicas
  • Decoration of the pore surface with an organic layer
  • Transition metal cation-incorporated adsorption sites
  • Structure of the adsorption sites

• Important Characteristics for Environmental Applications
  • Inhibition of adsorption by other anions
  • Recyclability of used adsorbents

• Recent Progress in Analysis and Synthesis of Functionalized Mesoporous Silica
  • Distributions of organic functions
  • Functionalization at specific structure of mesoporous silica
  • Physical chemistry of aqueous solutions in mesopore confinement

• Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• General Introduction

• Synthesis and Variation of Materials

• Structure
  • Composition
  • Periodicity measured by X-ray diffraction
  • Silica layer
  • Organic interlayer

• Reactions and Applications
  • Conversions into other assembled structures
  • Capture of guest ions and molecules
  • Host-guest chemistry in confined spacc

• Conclusion and Outlook

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Selection of SAMMS Materials

• Efficacy of SAMMS in Capturing a Broad Range of Radionuclides

• Decorporation Rate

• Chemical Stability

• Permeability and Uptake of SAMMS Across Gut Cells

• In Vivo Decorporation with SAMMS

• Conclusion

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Rational Design of Solid Amine Sorbents for CO₂ Capture
  • Desired attributes of an ideal CO₂ sorbent
  • Tailoring amine functionalities
  • Tailoring nanoporous substrates
  • Amine functionalization
  • Sorbent characterization and performance evaluation

• Economics
  • Methods and assumptions
  • Results
  • Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Amine-impregnated Materials
  • Ordered mesoporous supports
  • Zeolite supports
  • Other supports

• Grafted Materials

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Structures of ZnO
  • Properties and applications of ZnO

• Synthesis of Nanostructured ZnO

• Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods or Nanowires
  • Solution-based spontaneous growth
  • Electrochemical deposition (ECD)
  • Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth
  • Evaporation-condensation growth
  • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
  • Other methods

• Nanostructured ZnO for Gas Sensing
  • Gas sensing mechanisms of ZnO semiconductor
  • Grain size and structure effects on gas sensing performance
  • Nanostructured ZnO for gas sensors

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Mesoporous-based Nanocomposites for Automotive Exhaust Treatments
  • Synthesis of mesoporous CeO₂ catalysts and CO catalytic oxidation property
  • Synthesis of mesoporous metal-loaded CeO₂/ZrO₂ composite catalysts and their catalytic properties

• Electrocatalytic Performance of Mesoporous-based Nanocomposites for Full Cell Reactions
  • Ordered porous carbons as catalyst supports in direct methanol fuel cell
  • Mesoporous precious-metal catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation

• Synthesis of Mesoporous Titania and its Photocatalytic Applications
  • Synthesis of pure TiO₂ mesoporous materials and their photocatalytic applications
  • Synthesis of TiO₂ containing mesoporous materials and their photocatalytic applications

• Mesoporous-based Materials as Adsorbents
  • Heavy and other toxic metals
  • Dyes and other organic pollutants
  • Gases
  • Others

• Mesoporous-based Materials as Sensors
  • Gas sensors
  • Other sensors

• Summary

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Current stage of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of toxic metals
  • Nanostructured silicas and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in electrochemical sensing of toxic metals

• SAMMS-based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles and Configurations
  • Metal ion preconcentration on SAMMS materials
  • Sensors based on SAMMS-conductive materials
  • Sensors based on SAMMS thin films

• Field-deployable SAMMS-based Sensors
  • Automated portable analyzer based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry
  • Reusable screen-printed sensors

• CNT-based Electrochemical Sensors
  • Various methods for preparation of CNT-based sensors
  • Fabrication of aligned CNT nanoelectrode array
  • Applications of CNT-based sensors for metal ion monitoring

• Conclusions and Future Work

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Sensor Technologies
  • Detecting element for biosensors
  • Physical sensors

• Signal Transduction
  • Electrochemical transducers
  • Optical transduction devices

• Nanoscale Materials for Sensors
  • Quantum dots (QDs)
  • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
  • Inorganic nanotubes, wires and belts
  • Colloidal gold and colloidal silver
  • Lanthanide-based nanoparticles
  • Magnetic nanoparticles

• The Application of Nanomaterials in Sensors
  • Optical transduction using nanoscale materials
  • Electrochemical biosensors using nanomaterials
  • Magnetic sensors
  • Gas sensors

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• CNT-based Sensors
  • CNT solid-phase extraction/electrochemical detection
  • Environmental applications of CNT-based sensors
  • Other CNT-based nanocomposites for environmental applications

• Graphene-based Sensors

• Conclusions and Future Work

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Preparation of One-dimensional Hollow Oxide Nanostructures
  • Template-assisted preparation of one-dimensional hollow nanostructures
  • Preparation of one-dimensional hollow nanostructures by electrospinning
  • Preparation of one-dimensional hollow nanostructures by the Kirkendall effect
  • Preparation of one-dimensional hollow nanostructures by chemical vapor deposition

• Gas Sensing Characteristics of One-dimensional Hollow Nanostructures
  • Hollow configuration and wall thickness
  • Porosity
  • Composition
  • Catalyst loading

• Future Prospects

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Fabrication of TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays
  • Fabrication of TiO₂ nanotubes based on aqueous-solution electrolytes
  • Fabrication of TiO₂ nanotubes based on organic electrolytes
  • Fabrication of transparent TiO₂ nanotubes array

• Crystalline Characterization of TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays

• Doped TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays
  • Doping with suitable species
  • Decorating with metal or chemical compounds

• Application of TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays
  • Photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotube arrays
  • Application as biosensors and biomaterials
  • Application as anode for lithium batteries

• Conclusions and Future Work

• References

The following sections are included:

• Index