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This paper approximates the behavior of low-pass Bessel filter in fractional domain using the Interior search algorithm (ISA). A detailed analysis has been done with sensitivity analysis, W-plane stability and absolute percentage error (gain and cut-off frequency) to study the low-pass fractional order filter. The work focuses on the analysis and design of fractional filter with two cases. In the first case, the design and simulation of $(1+\alpha )$ order low-pass Bessel filter has been done using MATLAB for $\alpha$ value ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. SPICE simulation of 1.2, 1.5 and 1.9 order low-pass Bessel filter using fractional order capacitor of order $\alpha$ with Tow–Thomas biquad have been performed. In the second case, low-pass ($\alpha +\beta )$ order Bessel filter has been simulated and designed using MATLAB, where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are two fractional order elements of a different order. SPICE simulation for different values of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ have been done using two fractional order capacitors of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ order with Tow–Thomas biquad.

The objective of this paper was to propose a second generation voltage conveyor (VCII)-based new voltage mode biquad, equivalent to Kerwin–Huelsman–Newcomb (KHN) biquadratic circuit. The proposed circuit helped to efficiently add and subtract voltages by exploiting the virtual ground at one of the terminals of VCII, and without compromising on the features of the filters, such as the independent tuning of the quality factor (Q) and characteristic frequency (${\omega }_o$). The proposed circuit’s viability has been verified through LTspice simulations. The paper also presented the nonideal, the sensitivity, distortion, linearity and Monte Carlo analysis of the filters of the proposed circuit.