Narrow Results

In this work, we review the physical properties of organic materials and transistors, discussing especially the charge transport mechanisms. Finally, we present an analytical and continuous charge model for Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) from which analytical expressions of all the total capacitances are obtained. They are developed and finally written as continuous explicit functions of the applied voltage, resulting in a complete charge-based small-signal model composed by a unified charge control model derived from Poisson equation assuming an exponential density of localized states. This charge model was developed from a previously proposed analytical DC current model assuming a hopping based transport. Therefore our complete small signal model has the potential to be successfully used in circuit simulators for the design of OTFTs.

In this paper, we explore the effect of gravity on the flow of proper time near static spherically symmetric black hole possessing an electric charge. We use the Reissner–Nordström metric. In the first case, the traveling twin travels away from the black hole and in the second it travels toward it. We then compare it with the case of relativistic kinematics where the static twin ages faster than the traveling twin.

In the 21st century, understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity has emerged as a pinnacle achievement in condensed matter physics, capturing the lifelong interest of numerous physicists. This paper endeavors to offer a theoretical elucidation for this mechanism, advancing the broader field of physics. Recognizing that high-temperature superconductivity is an aspect of condensed matter physics — underpinned by Maxwell’s classical electromagnetic theory — we turn to theoretical mechanics and field theory, which are foundational perspectives in the contemporary scientific era. By framing Maxwell’s classical electromagnetic theory within the context of theoretical mechanics and field theory, this paper not only sheds light on the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity but also recasts Maxwell’s theory within a purer theoretical mechanics and field theory domain. This represents a paradigmatic shift and cognitive transformation in physics. Furthermore, leveraging this theoretical mechanics and field theory interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena, we discern that electromagnetic phenomena can be more aptly explained without resorting to the concepts of charges and electric fields, leading to a reinterpretation of Coulomb’s law. We propose that protons and electrons might exist as entities devoid of charge-specific attributes and negate the possibility of a strongly correlated particle system within them.

The memristor has attracted phenomenal worldwide attention since its debut on 1 May 2008 issue of Nature in view of its many potential applications, e.g. super-dense nonvolatile computer memory and neural synapses. The Hewlett–Packard memristor is a passive nonlinear two-terminal circuit element that maintains a functional relationship between the time integrals of current and voltage, respectively, viz. charge and flux. In this paper, we derive several nonlinear oscillators from Chua's oscillators by replacing Chua's diodes with memristors.

Are universal fundamental constants really constant over cosmological times? Recent observations of the fine structure of spectral lines in the early universe have been interpreted as due to a variation of the fine structure constant e²/4πε₀ℏc. From the assumed validity of Maxwell equations in general relativity and well known experimental facts, it is proved that e and ℏ are absolute constants. On the other hand, the speed of light need not be constant.

Effect of maximum amount of charge a compact star can hold, is studied here. We analyze the different features in the renewed stellar structure and discuss the reasons why such huge charge is possible inside a compact star. We studied a particular case of a polytropic equation of state (EOS) assuming the charge density is proportional to the mass density. Although the global balance of force allows a huge charge, the electric repulsion faced by each charged particle forces it to leave the star, resulting in the secondary collapse of the system to form a charged black hole.

Employing higher-order perturbation theory, we find a new class of perturbative extremal rotating black hole solutions with Born–Infeld electric charge in odd D dimensional spacetime. The seed solution is an odd-dimensional extremal Myers–Perry black hole with equal angular momenta to which a perturbative, nonlinear, electric Born–Infeld field charge q is added maintaining the extremality condition. The perturbations are performed up to third-order. We also study some physical properties of these black holes. In particular, it is shown that the values of the gyromagnetic ratio of the black holes are modified by the perturbative parameter q and the Born–Infeld parameter β.

Based on the fractal geometry science and the model of flow friction resistance when fluid flows through rough microcapillaries, the formula of diffusion layer thickness and the spatial charge density distribution of the pipe were derived. The relationship between the amount of space charge and the structural parameters of rough elements, relative roughness, liquid conductivity, pipeline diameter, and other physical quantities was discussed. It was found that the height of rough elements is directly proportional to the thickness of the diffusion layer, and also positively proportional to the amount of current. The predicted results of the model are in good agreement with existing models and various published experimental data, verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model.

Density functional theory calculations are performed to provide a molecular-level understanding of the mechanism of mercury adsorption on sulfuric acid-impregnated carbonaceous surface. The carbonaceous surface is modeled by a nine-fused benzene ring in which its edge carbon atoms on the upper side are unsaturated to simulate the active sites for reaction. SO₄ clusters with and without charge are examined to act as the representative species to model the sulfuric acid absorbed on the carbonaceous surface. All of the possible approaches of SO₄ clusters with and without charge on the carbonaceous surface are conduced to study their effects on mercury adsorption. The results suggest that sulfuric acid effect on the mercury adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface is very complicated, and it depends on a combination of concentration and charge of SO₄ cluster. SO₄ cluster presents a positive effect on mercury adsorption on the carbonaceous surface, but higher concentration of SO₄ cluster decreases the adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury removal because there is considerable competition for active sites between Hg and SO₄ cluster. Since all of the possible approaches of mercury on the carbonaceous surface with cluster, excluding one that mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, can lead to the decrease in the adsorption energies of mercury on the carbonaceous surface, cluster presents a negative effect on the capacity of the carbonaceous surface for mercury adsorption regardless of the concentration of cluster. The results also indicate that SO₂ cluster and surface oxygen complex can be formed from SO₄ cluster with or without charge if mercury is adsorbed at bridge active site, which facilitates the mercury removal for the carbonaceous surface.

Let $\gamma \equiv {\{{\gamma }_{ij}\}}_{(i,j)\in I}$, with $I\subseteq {\mathbb{Z}}_{+}\times {\mathbb{Z}}_{+}$ and $\overline{{\gamma }_{ij}}={\gamma }_{ji}$, be a given complex-valued sequence. The complex moment problem (respectively, the general complex moment problem) associated with $\gamma$ consists in determining necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a positive Borel measure (respectively, a charge) $\mu$ on $ℂ$ such that

In this paper, we investigate the notion of recursiveness in the two variable case. We obtain several useful results that we use to deduce new necessary and sufficient conditions for the truncated complex moment problem to admit a solution. In particular, we show that the general complex moment problem always has a solution. A concrete construction of the solution and an illustrating example are also given.

Theoretical insight into the mechanism of C8 adducts formation in a series of complicated carcinogenic reactions has been provided in a previous work. However, two important issues involved in this mechanism still need to be elucidated in detail. Hence, in this paper, we first present a new theoretical model to study the direct formation mechanism of C8 adduct. It is found that this model can well reflect the actual interactions in the real carcinogenic reactions. Thus, a better theoretical model to simulate other properties of these complicated reactions is found using ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods. Second, we simulate the formation process of C8 adduct in this new theoretical model using ABEEM/MM-MD method. According to the MD study, we approve that the higher aqueous-phase activation energy for transition state in this kind of reaction contributes to weaker interactions between central sites of reaction and water compared with those for reactants. This study once more supports the mechanism of formation of C8 adducts in the actual carcinogenic reactions where arylnitrenium ions directly attack at C8 positions of nucleoside bases in DNA.

Judiciously designed phthalocyanines (Pcs), such as silicon-Pc bis(3,5-diphenyl)benzoate (1c), with axial substituents which prevent aggregation, can self-assemble to form ordered nanoporous films on electrode surfaces. In this paper, complementary techniques such as Scanning Kelvin Nanoprobe (SKN) microscopy, Atom Force Microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical measurements are used to demonstrate that films formed by silicon-Pc bis(3,5-diphenyl)benzoate allow size- and charge- selective transport of probe molecules through well-defined intermolecular cavities. In contrast, the analogs silicon-Pc bis(4-tert-butylbenzoate) (1a) and silicon-Pc bis(3-thienyl)acetate (1b) have different film morphologies when solvent-cast in the same manner and block the electrode surface. The role of the different axial substituents in orienting the molecules on the substrate is discussed.

Here, we present a new physical quantity with the aim of unifying the structure of physics. The basic assumption starts with a reduction of all the natural forces into a single force. As a first step, we combine Coulomb’s law and the law of gravity into a single law. Astonishingly, this new law introduces a force never before described, which takes the form of a mass–charge force. This new force may be responsible for holding together the atomic nucleus, counteracting the Coulomb repulsive force. As such, this nuclear force could also be integrated into the new force law. A reduction of the natural forces into a single force would also reduce the number of conservation laws. The discussion herein focuses only on whether gravitational and inertial masses are identical or have different properties: if velocity increases, inertial mass also increases, but gravitational mass appears to remain constant. Furthermore, this may make it possible to measure absolute $\gamma$ factors which are given by the quotient of the inertial and gravitational masses. If true, this would invalidate one of the postulates of the theory of special relativity, leaving the theory of relativity open to new interpretations. Introduction of the new quantity, the complex number consisting of charge and mass $(bq,m_0)$, would not, however, invalidate other well-known formulas of physics, for the following reasons: with respect to all equations relating to gravitational mass, the charges usually sum to zero, yielding $q=0$ and $(bq,m_0)\cong m$, leading to no inconsistencies; with respect to all equations relating to charge, the error would similarly be negligible, since charge changes through m only by adding the summand $m∕b$. Since the gravitational mass of an electron is very small, precise measurements are needed to verify this proposed complex relationship. The inertial mass would remain as has been established.

In classical electrodynamics, extended with gradients of the electric and magnetic fields, a linear soliton is presented which bears features of the Kerr-Newman electron of electro-gravity. This is considered as a model for the electron, having a ring shape, with diameter equal to the Compton length ħ/mc and thickness smaller by the fine structure constant. The soliton has a finite mass, a spin-½, a g = 2 factor, and an electric quadrupole moment that is also “twice too large”. From this setup, all relativistic corrections to the classical version of the Pauli Hamiltonian are derived. There appears an additional, spin-dependent quadrupolar force that may vanish on the average. Particle-antiparticle annihilation may become explained on the basis of electromagnetic attraction.

This paper describes a power supply of pulse capacitors. The charging system is designed for charging four 16mF capacitors up to 5kV in approximately 60s. These capacitors then charge the load up to 20kV. This power supply is based on a series resonant inverter followed by a step-up transformer. Simulation results show that the load capacitor voltage increases linearly.