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Maraging steels are a group of martensitic steels possessing ultra high strength along with good fracture toughness. Conventional 18 wt.% Ni maraging steels are very costly in part because of expensive alloying elements such as Ni and Co. Replacement of Ni by cheaper elements like Mn has been studied by many researchers. Fe–Ni–Mn ternary alloys show good age hardenability formation of nanometer sized intermetallic precipitates such as f.c.t. θ-NiMn during aging. These alloys are ductile in the solution annealed condition but suffer from severe embrittlement after aging by intergranular fracture along prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs). Discontinuous coarsening of grain boundary precipitates was found as the main source of embrittlement. In this paper the effect of cold rolling on the mechanical properties of Fe-10Ni-7Mn steel was investigated. Cold rolling for 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 90% were carried out on a solution annealed material with subsequent aging at 753 K. Improvements in the tensile properties of the as-deformed and aged alloys were found. Substantial improvement is found at thickness reductions larger than 60%, where severe plastic deformation and ultrafine grain formation are realized.

We present a full constitutive relation of silicon steel which can describe the anisotropy effect as well. Using a pilot rolling machine, initial silicon strip with thickness of 2.5mm is rolled into sheet with several thicknesses as reduction ratio increases from 10% to 90%. To examine the effect of anisotropy on the stress-strain behavior, the specimen was cut out from the sheet so that the direction of specimen and sheet is 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°, respectively. A series of tensile test are then performed with the specimens. The stress-strain curves computed from the proposed constitutive relation are compared with the experimental data. Results show that the predicted curves are in overall in a good agreement with measured ones. The work hardening and unstable softening behaviors of silicon steel during rolling are predicted by the proposed full constitutive relation.

Three-dimensional finite element simulation has been carried out to understand better the crack initiation and growth at the edge side of silicon steel sheet during cold rolling, which is attributable to elastic deformation of work roll, i.e., roll bending. Strain-controlled failure model was coupled with finite element method and a series of FE simulation has been carried out while three different roll bending modes are considered. FE simulation shows that the negative roll bending mode during rolling affects significantly the crack initiation behavior. When the strain for failure was reduced by 20%, number of elements removed was increased by about 305%. If an initial crack with 2.5mm in length was assumed on the strip, the initial edge crack propagated toward inner region of strip and the propagated length is about 10times of the initial edge crack length.

Customers for cold rolled strip products expect the good flatness and surface finish, consistent metallurgical properties and accurate strip thickness. These requirements demand accurate prediction model for rolling parameters. This paper presents a set-up optimization system developed to predict the rolling force during cold strip rolling. As the rolling force has the very nonlinear and time-varying characteristics, conventional methods with simple mathematical models and a coarse learning scheme are not sufficient to achieve a good prediction for rolling force. In this work, all the factors that influence the rolling force are analyzed. A hybrid mathematical roll force model and an adaptive neural network have been improved by adjusting the adaptive learning algorithm. A good agreement between the calculated results and measured values verifies that the approach is applicable in the prediction of rolling force during cold rolling of thin strips, and the developed model is efficient and stable.

In this study, strong {0002} textured (or strong ND//<0002> textured) AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were prepared. These AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were cut along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25, 30 and 37.5 degrees to the rolling direction or {0002} texture. Prepared samples with different angles to the rolling direction were rolled at room temperature and after subsequent heat treatment, the bendability, ultimate tensile stress, elongation and texture are investigated using the 3-points bending tester, tensile tester and x-ray diffractometer, respectively. The specimen having along the angles of 0 degree to the rolling direction shows the highest load and 45 degrees specimen shows the highest displacement among any other specimens in the bending test. The specimen having along the angles of 12.5 and 25 degrees to the rolling direction shows highest elongation and of 0 degree specimen shows the highest ultimate tensile stress among any other specimens after cold rolling and subsequent heat treatment at 150°C for 30 minutes in bending test.

Formability is very important parameter of magnesium alloy sheets and it would be related to the texture of sheet metals. In this study, magnesium alloy sheets with strong {0002} texture were cut along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5 degrees to rolling direction (RD). Prepared samples were rolled at room temperature condition. Cold rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 45 degrees to rolling direction were investigated microstructure and texture with optical microscopy and x-ray diffractometer, respectively.

The cold thread rolling technology was developed rapidly in recent years due to its high efficiency, low cost and perfect mechanical properties of its production. However, researches on the precise thread rolling of the hollow parts were very few. Traditionally, the minimum thickness of the thin-walled threaded parts by thread rolling was mainly determined by the empirical (trial and error) methods. In this study, the forming process of thin-walled thread parts rolled with three thread rolling dies was analyzed. The stress state of the hollow work piece was obtained by solving the statically indeterminate problems. Then, the equations for the minimum wall thickness were derived. Experiments are also performed. The experimental results are generally in good agreement with those by the current theoretical analysis. It could be concluded that the analysis presented in this study can provide a good guidance for the thread rolling of hollow parts.

The use of data-based models for visualization purposes in an industrial background is discussed. Results using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) show how through a good design of the model and a proper visualization of the residuals generated by the model itself, the behavior of essential parameters of the process can be easily tracked in a visual way. Real data from a cold rolling facility have been used to prove the advantages of these techniques.

In order to analyze the effects of cold rolling parameters such as the crossing angle and axial shifting value of work rolls on the strip profile, extensive tests were carried out on a 4-high rolling mill equipped with a work roll crossing and shifting system. The results show that the strip profile is nearly flat under asymmetrical rolling. The rolling force was also analyzed in detail by changing the crossing angle and axial shifting value of work rolls.

In a high-speed cold strip rolling process, it is necessary to optimize the process parameters for improved quality in the product. In this study, two separate multi-objective optimization problems for a cold rolling process are formulated. The objectives in one of the cases are minimum isothermal film thickness and film temperature rise in the inlet zone and in another case it is minimum thermal film thickness and film temperature rise in the inlet zone. Particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used for solving the optimization problem. The key input parameters for the cold rolling process are identified and prioritized through the convergence study and the coefficient of variation analysis. A response analysis is performed on the critical input variables. This study assists the process engineer to understand the lubrication in cold strip rolling at high speed and select an appropriate lubricant for a given combination of strip and rolls.

ABAQUS was used to simulate the laminated Cu cladding Fe sheet during cold rolling, combining theoretical calculations, and the orthogonal test method was adopted. Meanwhiles, the rolling stress was taken as a consideration index to investigate the cold rolling processing rate, rolling speed, friction factor (upper roller), and friction factor (lower roller) 4, the best process parameters of layered metal copper/steel cold-rolled composite are selected. The results show that the cold-rolling processing rate is 52%, the rolling speed is 75 m/min, and the roller friction factor is 0.2 is the best process parameter. At this time, the rolling stress is small, and the bonding quality is the best. Cu cladding Fe sheet of the above-mentioned production process was taken into annealing experiments, SEM and an energy spectrometer were applied to photograph the surface morphology and the element distribution. The interface thickness was calculated by the diffusion distance of Fe and Cu elements, and the interface morphology and mechanical properties were combined for judgment. The results show that the annealing temperature is $700^{\circ }$C and the bonding condition is the best under the condition of 4h heat preservation.

A shape memory alloy (SMA) as part of some products and system has been used to keep their shape at any specified temperature. By using this characteristic of the shape memory alloy it can be solved the problem of the residual stress by difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between reinforcement and matrix within composite. In this study, TiNi/Al6061 shape memory alloy composite was fabricated through hot press method, and the optimal fabrication condition was created. The bonding effect of the matrix and the reinforcement within the SMA composite was strengthened by cold rolling. The SMA composite can be applied as the part of airplane and vessel, and used under tough condition of repetitive thermal shock cycles of high and low temperatures. Therefore, the thermal shock test was performed for the SMA composite, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The tensile strength of the SMA composite showed a slight decline with the thermal shock cycles. In addition, acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to quantify the microscopic damage behavior of cold rolled TiNi/Al6061 shape memory alloy composite that underwent thermal shock cycles. The damage degree on the specimen that underwent thermal shock cycles was discussed. Actually AE parameters such as AE event, count and energy was analyzed, and these parameters was useful to evaluate the damage behavior and degree of the SMA composite. The waveform of the signal caused by debonding was pulse type, and showed the frequency range of 160 kHz, however, the signal by the fiber fracture showed the pulse type of high magnitude and frequency range of 220 kH.

We present a full constitutive relation of silicon steel which can describe the anisotropy effect as well. Using a pilot rolling machine, initial silicon strip with thickness of 2.5mm is rolled into sheet with several thicknesses as reduction ratio increases from 10% to 90%. To examine the effect of anisotropy on the stress-strain behavior, the specimen was cut out from the sheet so that the direction of specimen and sheet is 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°, respectively. A series of tensile test are then performed with the specimens. The stress-strain curves computed from the proposed constitutive relation are compared with the experimental data. Results show that the predicted curves are in overall in a good agreement with measured ones. The work hardening and unstable softening behaviors of silicon steel during rolling are predicted by the proposed full constitutive relation.

Three-dimensional finite element simulation has been carried out to understand better the crack initiation and growth at the edge side of silicon steel sheet during cold rolling, which is attributable to elastic deformation of work roll, i.e., roll bending. Strain-controlled failure model was coupled with finite element method and a series of FE simulation has been carried out while three different roll bending modes are considered. FE simulation shows that the negative roll bending mode during rolling affects significantly the crack initiation behavior. When the strain for failure was reduced by 20%, number of elements removed was increased by about 305%. If an initial crack with 2.5mm in length was assumed on the strip, the initial edge crack propagated toward inner region of strip and the propagated length is about 10times of the initial edge crack length.

Customers for cold rolled strip products expect the good flatness and surface finish, consistent metallurgical properties and accurate strip thickness. These requirements demand accurate prediction model for rolling parameters. This paper presents a set-up optimization system developed to predict the rolling force during cold strip rolling. As the rolling force has the very nonlinear and time-varying characteristics, conventional methods with simple mathematical models and a coarse learning scheme are not sufficient to achieve a good prediction for rolling force. In this work, all the factors that influence the rolling force are analyzed. A hybrid mathematical roll force model and an adaptive neural network have been improved by adjusting the adaptive learning algorithm. A good agreement between the calculated results and measured values verifies that the approach is applicable in the prediction of rolling force during cold rolling of thin strips, and the developed model is efficient and stable.

In this study, strong {0002} textured (or strong ND//<0002> textured) AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were prepared. These AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were cut along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25, 30 and 37.5 degrees to the rolling direction or {0002} texture. Prepared samples with different angles to the rolling direction were rolled at room temperature and after subsequent heat treatment, the bendability, ultimate tensile stress, elongation and texture are investigated using the 3-points bending tester, tensile tester and x-ray diffractometer, respectively. The specimen having along the angles of 0 degree to the rolling direction shows the highest load and 45 degrees specimen shows the highest displacement among any other specimens in the bending test. The specimen having along the angles of 12.5 and 25 degrees to the rolling direction shows highest elongation and of 0 degree specimen shows the highest ultimate tensile stress among any other specimens after cold rolling and subsequent heat treatment at 150°C for 30 minutes in bending test.

Formability is very important parameter of magnesium alloy sheets and it would be related to the texture of sheet metals. In this study, magnesium alloy sheets with strong {0002} texture were cut along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5 degrees to rolling direction (RD). Prepared samples were rolled at room temperature condition. Cold rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets along the angles of 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 45 degrees to rolling direction were investigated microstructure and texture with optical microscopy and x-ray diffractometer, respectively.

The cold thread rolling technology was developed rapidly in recent years due to its high efficiency, low cost and perfect mechanical properties of its production. However, researches on the precise thread rolling of the hollow parts were very few. Traditionally, the minimum thickness of the thin-walled threaded parts by thread rolling was mainly determined by the empirical (trial and error) methods. In this study, the forming process of thin-walled thread parts rolled with three thread rolling dies was analyzed. The stress state of the hollow work piece was obtained by solving the statically indeterminate problems. Then, the equations for the minimum wall thickness were derived. Experiments are also performed. The experimental results are generally in good agreement with those by the current theoretical analysis. It could be concluded that the analysis presented in this study can provide a good guidance for the thread rolling of hollow parts.

Two-way shape memory effect induced by cold-rolling in a single-crystalline Cu-22.3(at.)%Zn-10.8(at.)%Al was investigated and a spontaneous shape change during cooling, by which the rolling and normal directions expand and shrink, respectively, was confirmed. The martensitic transformation temperature interval drastically increases by a little cold-rolling reduction, while the hysteresis also increases with increasing the reduction rate. The TWSM strain in the rolling direction shows a maximum value of about 6.3% at about 1% reduction and gradually decreases with increasing the reduction rate. The TWSM effect induced by cold rolling shows an excellent repeatability with a slight increase of the reversible strain.