Narrow Results

We report on terahertz detection (from 0.2 THz to 2.4 THz) by Si FinFETs of different widths (with 2, 20, and 200 fins connected in parallel). FinFETs (with a small number of fins and with feature sizes as short as 20 nm to 40 nm) showed a very high responsivity (far above that previously measured for standard CMOS). We explain this improvement by negligible narrow channel effects.

The hydrodynamic model of the electron transport in the channel of a nanoscale field effect transistors predicts that three different electron transport regimes – collision-dominated, ballistic, and viscosity dominated – determine the ultimate response time of the semiconductor device depending on its length, momentum relaxation time, and viscosity. The characteristic response times of ultra-short channel transistors are in the subpicosecond range. We now report on a new measurement technique with a greatly enhanced sensitivity using optical band-to-band pulses with a controlled delay. The measurements using this new electro-optic sampling and hydrodynamic modeling reveal the ultra-fast transistor plasmonic response at the time scale much shorter than the electron transit time.

An appropriately placed array of new generation neutrino detectors, in conjunction with the use of nuclear devices as a source of intense flux of neutrinos, can serve as a powerful precision probe of neutrino–oscillation parameters. If such detectors are made mobile by placing them on a criss-crossing grid of railway tracks, one may under certain hostile circumstances use them to locate nuclear powered vehicles like submarines, aircraft carriers and any other strong neutrino sources. Since neutrinos cannot be shielded, it may not be possible to escape detection.

A wide range of gravitational wave detectors is currently operating, and in a few years will reach a sensitivity enabling them to potentially detect sources tens of megaparsec away. In the next years, the instruments will be upgraded, giving birth to a new generation of improved, more sensitive detectors. Alternative techniques are also being explored which have the potential in a longer term of even better sensitivities. Such improvements are needed to turn a still elusive hunt for a first detection into a real gravitational-wave astronomy; it is the purpose of this talk to outline the path toward the design and realization of advanced detectors, and to discuss how they will be integrated into a global network.

The Crystal Ball spectrometer, with its nearly complete angular coverage, is an efficient detector of photon and neutron final states. While installed in the C6 beamline of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), this feature was used in a series of precise measurements of reactions with all-neutral final states. Here we concentrate on the analysis of data from the pion-induced reactions: π^-p → γn, π⁰n, ηn, and π⁰π⁰n.

The talks in the Program and the Conference parallel sessions make clear that high quality pixel vertex chambers are presently well developed and with continuing improvements (M. Caccia,¹ X. Sun,² M. Stanitzki,³ J. Qian⁴); that there are at least two major tracking chambers that are well studied, a TPC and silicon-strip chambers (H. Qi,${}^{5,6}$ C. Young,${}^{7,8}$ A. de Roeck${}^{9,10}$); that the energy measurement of photons and electrons is generally very good (H. Yang,${}^{11}$ S. Franchino${}^{12}$); and, that the last remaining detector that has not yet achieved the high precision required for good $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ physics is the hadronic calorimeter for the measurement of jets, most importantly, jets from the decays of $W$ and $Z$ to quarks (S. Lee,${}^{13,14}$ M. Cascella,${}^{15}$ A. de Roeck${}^{16}$). The relationship of the detectors to physics and the overall design of detectors was addressed and questioned (Y. Gao,${}^{17}$ M. Ruan,${}^{18}$ G. Tonelli,${}^{19}$ H. Zhu,${}^{20}$ M. Mangano,${}^{21}$ C. Quigg${}^{22}$) in addition to precision time measurements in detectors (C. Tully${}^{23}$).

Advancements in fast timing particle detectors have opened up new possibilities to design $4\pi$ collider detectors that fully reconstruct and separate event vertices and individual particles in the time domain. The applications of these techniques are considered for the physics at CEPC.

Almost all experimental apparatuses at existing colliders employ large muon systems located after all other subdetectors. Given the large size of most of the experimental detectors, the existing muon system has to cover areas of a few thousand square meters. It can be anticipated that future detectors at future colliders will be even larger in size. Therefore, for a practical reason of cost, the most suited detectors to realize these large muon systems are gas detectors. In particular, in recent years, Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) have enjoyed very interesting developments, providing several new types of detectors with very good spacial and time resolution, high-rate capability and high radiation tolerance. MPGDs also have the distinct advantage of being, at least for some detectors and some parts of them, mass produceable by industry, since they employ materials and manufacturing procedures that are extensively used for Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) production. A particularly innovative MPGD, the $\mu$RWell, is described as a possible candidate to build large muon systems for future colliders. The results obtained so far with this new technology are reported.

The generated relic gravitational waves underwent several stages of evolution of the universe such as inflation and reheating. These stages were affected on the shape of spectrum of the waves. As well known, at the end of inflation, the scalar field $\varphi$ oscillates quickly around some point where potential $V(\varphi )=\lambda {\varphi }^n$ has a minimum. The end of inflation stage played a crucial role on the further evolution stages of the universe because particles were created and collisions of the created particles were responsible for reheating the universe. There is a general range for the frequency of the spectrum $\sim (0.3\times 10^{-18}-0.6\times 10^{10}$)Hz. It is shown that the reheating temperature can affect on the frequency of the spectrum as well. There is constraint on the temperature from cosmological observations based on WMAP-9 and Planck. Therefore, it is interesting to estimate allowed value of frequencies of the spectrum based on general range of reheating temperature like few MeV $\lesssim T_{rh}\lesssim 10^{16}$ GeV, WMAP-9 and Planck data then compare the spectrum with sensitivity of future detectors such as LISA, BBO and ultimate-DECIGIO. The obtained results of this comparison give us some more chance for detection of the relic gravitational waves.

In the absence of a fully fledged theory of quantum gravity, we propose a “bottom-up” framework for exploring quantum-gravitational physics by pairing two of the most fundamental concepts of quantum theory and general relativity, namely quantum superposition and spacetime. We show how to describe such “spacetime superpositions” and explore effects they induce upon quantum matter. Our approach capitalizes on standard tools of quantum field theory in curved space, and allows us to calculate physical observables like transition probabilities for a particle detector residing in curvature-superposed de Sitter spacetime, or outside a mass-superposed black hole. Crucially, such scenarios represent genuine quantum superpositions of spacetimes in contrast with superpositions of metrics that only differ by a coordinate transformation and thus are not different according to general relativity.

We investigate the potential of short-baseline experiments in order to measure the dispersion relation of the (muon) neutrino, with a prospect of eventually measuring the neutrino mass. As a byproduct, the experiment would help to constrain parameters of Lorentz-violating effects in the neutrino sector. The potential of a high-flux laser-accelerated proton beam (e.g., at the upcoming ELI facility), incident on a thick target composed of a light element to produce pions, with a subsequent decay to muons and muon-neutrinos, is discussed. We find a possibility for a muon neutrino mass measurement of unprecedented accuracy.

In this study, we revisit the well-known notion of fuzzy state machines and discuss their development through learning. The systematic development of fuzzy state machines has not been pursued as intensively as it could have been expected from the breadth of the possible usage of them as various modelling platforms. We concentrate on the generalization of the well known architectures exploited in Boolean system synthesis, namely Moore and Mealy machines and show how these can be implemented in terms of generic functional modules such as fuzzy JK flip-flops and fuzzy logic neurons (AND and OR neurons) organized in the form of logic processors. It is shown that the design of the fuzzy state machines can be accomplished through their learning. The detailed learning algorithm is presented and illustrated with a series of numeric examples. The study reveals an interesting option of constructing digital systems through learning: the original problem is solved in the setting of fuzzy state machines and afterwards "binarised" into the two-valued format realized via the standard digital hardware.

A historical review is given of the development of CERN from its foundation to the present from the personal viewpoint of the author.

We present a review of detector systems used in accelerator-based security applications. The applications discussed span stockpile stewardship, material interdiction, treaty verification, and spent nuclear fuel assay. The challenge for detectors in accelerator-based applications is the separation of the desired signal from the background, frequently during high input count rates. Typical techniques to address the background challenge include shielding, timing, selection of sensitive materials, and choice of accelerator.

The VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider was commissioned in 2010. About 60 pb^-1 were collected so far by CMD-3 detector in the whole available c.m. energy range from 0.32 GeV to 2.0 GeV. The preliminary results of data analysis for various modes of e⁺e⁻ → hadrons are discussed.

We report preliminary results on the measurement of the cross section of the process e⁺e^- → K⁺K^-π⁺π^- in the c.m. energy range from 1.5 GeV to 2 GeV. It is shown that the cross section is dominated by the contributions of several intermediate states K⁺K^-ρ, K*Kπ, ϕπ⁺π^- and K*K*.

A brief overview of the technology applications with significant societal benefit that have their origins in nuclear and particle physics research is presented. It is shown through representative examples that applications of nuclear physics can be classified into two basic areas: 1) applying the results of experimental nuclear physics and 2) applying the tools of experimental nuclear physics. Examples of the application of the tools of experimental nuclear and particle physics research are provided in the fields of accelerator and detector based technologies namely synchrotron light sources, nuclear medicine, ion implantation and radiation therapy.

MCP-based detectors are widely used in the ultraviolet (UV) region due to their low noise levels, high sensitivity and good spatial and temporal resolution. We have developed a compact near-UV (NUV) detector for high-altitude balloon and space flights, using off-the-shelf MCP, CMOS sensor, and optics. The detector is designed to be capable of working in the direct frame transfer mode as well in the photon counting mode for single photon event detection. The identification and centroiding of each photon event are done using an FPGA-based data acquisition and real-time processing system. In this paper, we discuss various algorithms and methods used in both operating modes, as well as their implementation on the hardware.

The NASA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is a 2.5m telescope in a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft that is flown at high altitude to do unique astronomy in the infrared. SOFIA is a singular integration of aircraft operations, telescope design, and science instrumentation that delivers observational opportunities outside the capability of any other facility. The science ground operations are the transition and integration point of the science, aircraft, and telescope. We present the ground operations themselves and the tools used to prepare for mission success. Specifically, we will discuss operations from science instrument delivery to aircraft operation and mission readiness. We will also provide a discussion of instrument life cycle including maintenance and repair, both before and after acceptance by the observatory as well as retirement. Included in that will be a description of the facilities and their development, an overview of the SOFIA telescope assembly simulator, our deployment capabilities, as well as an outlook to the future of novel science instrument support for SOFIA.

High-resolution Airborne Wide-band Camera (HAWC$+$) is the facility far-infrared imager and polarimeter for SOFIA, NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. It is designed to cover the portion of the infrared spectrum that is completely inaccessible to ground-based observatories and which is essential for studies of astronomical sources with temperatures between tens and hundreds of degrees Kelvin. Its ability to make polarimetric measurements of aligned dust grains provides a unique new capability for studying interstellar magnetic fields. HAWC$+$ began commissioning flights in April 2016 and was accepted as a facility instrument in early 2018. In this paper, we describe the instrument, its operational procedures, and its performance on the observatory.