Narrow Results

The objective of this study is to measure the energy efficiency and energy security by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and an econometric estimation such as ordinary least square method (OLS) to measure the relationship between energy efficiency, energy security and economic development with macro-economic indicators such as energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation factors by using the data from 1976 to 2016 while the energy efficiency has been measured during the period of 2010 to 2018. Results show that Brazil and Russia are countries with less energy for these consecutive years. This work contributes to the existing literature on eco-friendly and sustainable policy design in BRICS countries based on multiple indicators. The analysis also indicates that the quality of a country’s laws and regulations are essential for expanding research on renewable energy because the right policy tools serve as the basis for the transition. It is also found that Brazil, Russia, and South Africa have the best score in terms of energy and economic development while China and India are among the lowest performing countries in clean energy. Energy efficiency results show that china has the highest score of 1 while India and South Africa energy score is about 0.623 and 0.64 respectively. This serves as a panacea to study the country’s energy insecurity and bridge the gap in the literature. As the renewable energy industry is considered a high-risk area, it is necessary to develop essential aversion tools for financial policy risks to attract private capital.

This paper investigates the impact of remittances on economic growth for the ten MENA countries for the MENA region over a period from 1980 to 2021. Our contribution consists in decomposing the effect of remittances on economic growth into a direct effect and an indirect effect which are transmitted through the domestic investment channel and human capital channel. To do so, our econometric approach is based on dynamic panel data (GMM diff and GMM sys) in order to overcome endogeneity and inverse causality bias. Two main results can be identified: First, the results show that remittances negatively affect economic growth. Second, we show that the interaction terms between remittances and human capital ($\mathrm{\text{Rem}}\ast \mathrm{\text{enrol}}$) and remittances and domestic investment ($\mathrm{\text{Rem}}\ast \mathrm{\text{inv}}$) are positive and statistically significant in the dynamic panel approach. These results show that the effectiveness of migrant remittances in terms of economic growth depends heavily on improving human capital and orienting remittances to the most productive investments for MENA countries. The policy implications of our study are that governments of the most remittance-receiving countries in the MENA region must give great importance to improving domestic investment and the level of human capital in order to enhance remittances and promoting economic growth.

The role of social capital in economic development has been a subject of interest to both academics and practitioners of development for several decades. However, empirical evidence on social capital in the context of developing countries is still relatively scant. This study explores the effects of social capital on economic development in Indonesia, a large and multi-ethnic developing country. Using district-level data for 2006–2019, we find that the relationships between social capital and economic development are complex. There are both favorable and unfavorable effects of social capital on economic development, as well as nonlinear effects. Hence, we cannot draw unequivocal conclusions on the benefits or disadvantages of social capital for economic development. Nevertheless, this study finds that trust among people across different ethnic groups, participation in communal works and social activities, and trust in government are the most important forms of social capital needed to improve people’s welfare.

Indonesia, Southeast Asia's most populous state and its largest economy, was deeply affected by the economic crisis of 1997–1998. Its economic contraction in 1998, of over 13%, was the sharpest among all four crisis-affected East Asian economies. This followed three decades of virtually uninterrupted, rapid economic growth. The country's economic crisis was accompanied by regime collapse, resulting in the departure of then President Suharto after 32 years of authoritarian rule. This paper examines the country's socioeconomic development in the decade since the crisis, in the context of the earlier growth, and the very different institutions of economic governance operating under the new democratic regime of weakened central authority and many more economic policy actors. The main conclusions are that growth and macroeconomic stability have been restored surprisingly quickly, but that microeconomic policy and the investment climate are less predictable.

This paper briefly reviews six decades of Malaysia's economic development strategy, which may be described as bounded industrial policy that favors export-led growth. The objective of the current Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011–2015) is to achieve high-income status by 2020 by promoting high-value-added production through increased investments in human capital, adopting new technologies, promoting entrepreneurship to drive innovation and creativity, and elevating domestic demand as an engine of economic growth. Principal components analysis (PCA) and medoid partitioning applied to inflation-adjusted industrial production suggests that Malaysia satisfies the necessary, although not necessarily the sufficient, conditions to achieve this goal.

This paper looks at how government intervention shapes the evolution of the Singapore economy and accounts for its successes and failures over the past 50 years. Compared with other dynamic Asian economies, the Singapore government's approach to intervene in the economy is both more extensive and more intrusive, but with a narrow focus on GDP growth and surplus accumulation as the primary objectives. The ruling government's near complete dominance in politics has enabled it to mobilize resources to create the preconditions for strong GDP growth and high savings. But the impact on the broader development of the economy and the long term sustainability of growth is less obvious. High GDP growth and strong savings have been achieved without developing the inherent production and indigenous innovation capacity, securing a larger hinterland and providing a less skewed income distribution and higher quality of life for residents. As the economy enters a new phase where more complex and multi-faceted development is needed, the Singapore government will require more than its vaunted competency in mobilizing resources to deliver the outcome.

This paper discusses how Singapore's labor market policies since independence have been molded by the state-driven, foreign investment-led, export-oriented, manufacturing-focused development model the country has followed over the past fifty years. The literature we review shows that high GDP growth has been achieved through factor accumulation rather than productivity increase, a strategy of extensive growth that has now run into diminishing returns as well as political, social and resource constraints. Prolonged heavy dependence on imports of foreign labor and skills to attract foreign investment has contributed to low, declining and even negative productivity growth, with low real GDP growth in recent years. In response, the government is pursuing renewed economic restructuring, limiting foreign labor inflows, targeting investments more selectively, and promoting productivity and innovation, so far with uncertain results. This paper suggests that Singapore should let market forces propel the economy toward services, domestic consumption and regional trade, led by domestic private enterprise. But the retreat from established state industrial and social policies will be difficult.

This paper empirically investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on inequality using a panel data set of 65 developing counties. While the existing literature mainly examines the impact of FDI on growth, this study explores the importance of domestic conditions of the host countries in determining the distributional effects of FDI. The results show that the impact of FDI is not homogenous on host countries as FDI inflows exert inequality-narrowing effect only in countries that have stronger investment in human capital, better financial sector and a high level of economic development. While FDI accentuates not ameliorates inequality in countries with low level of economic development, findings of the study are robust to the use of different specifications, different estimation methods, inclusion of regional effects and time specific effects.

Following the Minimum Food Security Quota (MFS-Quota) proposed by Ruiz Estrada (2010) to evaluate and determine the food sustainability of any given country in the event of any natural disaster, this paper sets out to apply the MFS-Quota to test Malaysia’s food storage and supply readiness for any potential natural disaster that may critically affect the socio-economic and political well-being of the country. The primary objective of the MFS-Quota is to calculate the approximate amount of annual food storage that any country needs in order to subsist through any potential natural disaster. As such, any country could build its own MFS-Quota based on its agriculture production system(s) and national food policy focus.

In this paper, we focus on foreign aid-effectiveness in developing aid-recipient countries. By disaggregating total aid into sub-categories, we develop a model in which aid affects the welfare of the poor, as measured by a human development index. Our estimates (robust for different specifications) show that an increase in aid to the agricultural sector, one of our aid sub-categories, can improve the welfare of the poor, both directly and indirectly, through pro-poor public expenditure. Accordingly, more attention to the agricultural sector and reversing the decline in agricultural aid may improve the overall effectiveness of aid and achieve a sustainable transition out of poverty by increasing aggregate welfare.

Sustainable development places a premium on recognizing people at risk of energy poverty, defined as the incapability to get a sufficient level of residential energy services. Therefore, this study analyses the relationship between economic development and rural energy poverty in Chinese regions. Using statistics from the China Families Panel Studies, it is observed that the Great Chinese Drought increased the risk of living in poverty. We conclude that there is wide variation in China’s regions regarding economic liberalization and the country’s energy deprivation. In provinces with different degrees of poverty, there is an inverse U-shaped association between economic growth and the country’s energy poverty. The country’s energy poverty reduced or even eliminated by advancing economic development to a specific degree. Many socioeconomic indicators at the home level are connected with energy poverty in various ways depending on the dimension, implying that individualized criteria are required to classify vulnerable families in each size and country-level considerations.

In today's hypercompetitive environment, the notion of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial decision-making is receiving increased attention by citizens, academics, managers, and politicians on a global basis. The high failure rate of entrepreneurship of new ventures as well as new products indicates that many barriers to success exist; however, even entrepreneurship on a small scale can have great impact. A historical review reveals that entrepreneurs emerge from various backgrounds but have similar characteristics. The time is ripe for the acceleration of entrepreneurial behavior and leadership that will facilitate new venture creation that will in turn nurture the growth of jobs and the local economy.

Business incubators are intended to support startup and entrepreneurial businesses by providing a number of services and resources to clients. The effectiveness of the business incubation industry has been debated since the industry gained popularity in the 1990s. But up to now, there exists no commonly agreed model in theory and practice to measure the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way. The aim of this paper is to identify and to assess critical dimension of business incubation, which are suitable to measure the effectiveness of business incubation. This research is a multi-method approach combining desk-research, interviews and a multi-case study of five incubator organizations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. From these findings, a model for measuring the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way is developed. This model helps incubator manager, policy maker researchers, practitioners, stakeholders and government parties for successful implementation of business incubation initiatives. In addition, it increases new knowledge for academic literature incubators and economic development.

In many rural and remote communities, residents have traditionally relied on jobs in natural resource-based industries. Over the years, employment has been steadily reduced due to changes in these industries. Both the communities, faced with declining populations as a result, and the residents are examining the potential of small business to create economic development. However, these locations create challenges for small business operators. Some communities experience accessibility and transportation issues and often lack standard business infrastructure. At the same time, the very nature of these rural areas can become components of a marketing strategy. This paper will examine three conceptualizations of rural and the commodification process and propose a framework for positioning the concept of rural as part of a marketing strategy. Three case studies from a rural region in Canada will be presented and analyzed within this framework. The paper concludes with recommendations for rural businesses, communities and governments and other interested parties within the context of rural economic development.

In the economic growth of the industry, the marine economic prediction management system occupies a significant position. The Marine Forecast Management System is of considerable importance to help establish rules and clues on the potential progress of the Marine Forecast Management System. Many investigations into the risk of the maritime supply chain currently concentrate on risk assessment and control and seldom undertake a detailed study of each factor’s reasoning structure. It is difficult to monitor and regulate the globalization of supply chains. Blockchain technology promises to provide accountability, traceability, and safety certain global supply chain management concerns as a distributed digital technology leader. This article critically analyzes blockchain technologies and intelligent contracts with future supply chain management applications. The interpretation framework model uses the Supply Chain Management based on Marine Economic Development (SCM-MED) methods to analyze the maritime supply chain risk mechanism. The model examines the structure and processes of the marine supply chain risk mechanism, offers a scientific framework for controlling the risk of the marine supply chain, and makes corresponding proposals for reducing and monitoring marine supply chain risk. It aims to test this belief by strictly calculating the exchanging value of information and comparing this improved value in the supply chain to reduce lead times and increase the pace of distribution by decreasing load sizes. The experimental result recommended SCM-MED improves the marine economic development ratio (98.2%) and total losses per year (25%).

In order to explore the application of IoT technology in robots and the promotion of IoT robot technology to the economy, by comparing traditional technology and IoT intelligent robot technology, this article combines it with economic development to analyze the promotion of IoT robot to economic development. Based on the ultra-wideband ranging method, this paper designs an ultra-wideband radio frequency positioning system and applies it to the robot’s positioning process. Moreover, this article combines the application of robots in the current social and economic development to construct the system structure, and conducts functional analysis with manufacturing robots and monitoring robots as the main body. After constructing an intelligent robot based on the Internet of Things technology, by comparing the traditional technology and the intelligent robot technology of the Internet of Things, this article combines it with economic development to analyze the promotion of IoT robot to economic development. From the analysis results of this article, it can be seen that the advancement of IoT robot technology can effectively promote economic development.

The interconnection of traffic infrastructure and the logistics industry’s efficient operation is a basis for the reconstruction of industrial spatial structure and economic optimization of the urban cluster. In this paper, the Undesirable-SBM DEA model was used to calculate the logistics eco-efficiency (LEE) of the five coastal urban clusters for 2009–2017, and the panel fixed-effect Tobit model was used to analyze the LEE evolution mechanism. Findings show that the overall score for LEE in China’s five coastal urban clusters is in a downward trend, and the gap in LEE between the cities is increasing. The temporal and spatial distribution of the LEE score has evolved from the pyramid structure of “the number of high-efficiency cities is the largest, followed by medium-efficiency in-between, and the least being low-efficiency cities” to the inverted triangle structure of “the number of low-efficiency cities is the largest, followed by medium-efficiency in-between, and the least being high-efficiency cities”. The evolution of the spatial distribution of LEE in various urban clusters shows heterogeneous characteristics. The cities with middle- and high-investment volumes of logistics resources are mainly the core and sub-core cities, but most of them have low LEE scores. The employee excess rate is the main reason for the loss of LEE. Energy prices and government intervention significantly and negatively affect LEE, while environmental regulations positively and significantly affect the excess of capital stock and employees. The impact of influencing factors, such as economic development and environmental regulations, on LEE and input excesses is different among the five coastal urban clusters.

Various artistic expressions of ice and snow landscapes are deeply loved by the public. To study the application of virtual reality (VR) technology in the design of ice and snow landscape based on human–computer interaction (HCI), Harbin ice and snow landscape is taken as the research object. By applying HCI technology and VR technology, the design of ice and snow landscape is explored. VR technology allows the public to appreciate related things through interactive technology. The application of HCI technology and VR technology in the design of ice and snow landscape has established a system with the theme of ice and snow design, and created a virtual world of ice and snow in the system, enabling designers to be in a VR environment. During the design process, creators can enjoy a more comprehensive experience, constantly looking for the best visual area to stimulate their innovative thinking and inspiration. The results found that the designed system can present a better ice and snow landscape for the public, promote the rapid and stable development of ice and snow sculptures and landscapes, and promote the development of the local economy to a certain extent. Besides, the system has certain reference significance for the use of VR technology to study ice and snow landscapes, and also provides new ideas for the design of other types of landscapes.

Technology is considered as a key factor for economic development. Many authors in the field of technology management mention this impact on economic development as a motivator for their technology oriented study. What is this relationship between technology and economic development? In most studies, the relationship between technology and economy remains implicit. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between technology and the economy. Four literature streams are discussed which each provide insight into this relationship. The paper contributes to the management of technology field by summarizing different views that relate to technology and economy.

In this research, we investigate the role of innovation and entrepreneurship as well as entrepreneurial communities in the process of economic growth and development. Current research on development issues strongly focusses either on the micro-level or on the macro-level of national economies disregarding the holistic nature of economic development. Entrepreneurial communities represent a conceptual link between the macro-perspective on economic development and the micro-perspective on entrepreneurial initiatives as a tipping point for economic development. In this paper, we present a theoretical construct of entrepreneurial communities. Additionally, we introduce a qualitative model of thriving entrepreneurial economies following a holistic perspective on development issues. The theoretical analysis is based on systems thinking and systems approaches to management. Structures of entrepreneurial communities and networking between regional communities will be explored and reflected in a theoretical exploration. The introduced theoretical construct of an entrepreneurial community is based on living systems theory. The qualitative systems model of the thriving entrepreneurial economy is deduced from a descriptive model (word model).