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The residential sector in Thailand has been a fast-growing energy consumption sector since 1995 at a rate of 6% per year. This sector makes a significant contribution to Thailand’s rising electricity demand especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study projects Thailand’s residential electricity consumption characteristics and the factors affecting the growth of electricity consumption using a system dynamics (SD) modeling approach to forecast long-term electricity consumption in Thailand. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown can be seen as a forced social experiment, with the findings demonstrating how to use resources under particular circumstances. Four key factors affecting the electricity demand used in the SD model development include (1) work and study from home, (2) socio-demographic, (3) temperature changing, and (4) rise of GDP. Secondary and primary data, through questionnaire survey method, were used as data input for the model. The simulation results reveal that changing behavior on higher-wattage appliances has huge impacts on overall electricity consumption. The pressure to work and study at home contributes to rises of electricity consumption in the residential sector during and after COVID-19 pandemic. The government and related agencies may use the study results to plan for the electricity supply in the long term.

This research paper aims to investigate linkages of electricity consumption representing energy security with estimated factors — GDP, population and foreign direct investment (FDI) during 1998–2018 for Laos People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) by using ARDLbased Bayesian inference. This study provided empirical evidence on a long-run linear relationship analysis under ARDL-based Bayesian inference, which concludes that they have performed real relationships between electricity consumption, GDP, population and FDI. In addition, in the short-run, it was found that explanatory factors have both negative and positive impacts on Laos’ electricity consumption. The results confirm the hypothesis that although Lao PDR has access to domestic energy resources, only relying on one energy resource will make the energy system insecure. Thus, Lao PDR must develop substantial infrastructures and alternative renewable energies to support the campaign of Lao PDRs electricity security in the long-run.

It is argued that electric and magnetic fields are generated by the noncommutative geometry at high energies rather like the minimum conductivity in graphene. An exact Reynolds number type of correspondence between graphene and high energy phenomena is also established.

The definition of a general assessment of the efficiency of the power grid through an education test system is presented in this article. The paper expands an existing test scheme through the development of the requisite transmission and delivery networks. Major equipment such as generation, switching stations, transmission, and radial delivery networks within a functional framework has a comprehensive test system. Therefore, the trial machine is limited to analyzing reliability models and measurement methods using hand measurements or designing small computer programs. The overall reliability assessment of the power grid is to provide the customer with adequate service. This paper provides a basis for modeling and constructing intelligent and adaptive interfaces for Human-Computer Interaction In Power System Service Using A Genetic Algorithm (HCI-PS-GA). Integration of two-way connectivity and two-way power flow between utilities and customers turns the conventional infrastructure into an intelligent grid renowned for its intelligent grid (IG). IG is committed to ensuring reliability, flexibility, and sustainability. IG offers cyber threat and natural catastrophe surveillance, control, and endurance. It takes into account both storage and generation choices. The interfaces and their interaction styling framework play a vital role in the massive use of technology, search and explore multimodal, cloud system, adaptive, and intelligent interfacing styles of the next generation with good expression and natural characteristics for greater user acceptability, usability, and satisfaction which offers the accuracy rate of 89%.

We make the source network load storage access power wireless private network, this paper proposes a source network load storage access power wireless private network technology based on 5G ultra dense network. The multiple rotation scheduling and self-organizing learning methods are used to establish the deployment model of the source network load storage access node of the power wireless private network under the 5G communication mode. According to the routing control algorithm design of the 5G ultra dense networking node, combined with the integration analysis of the access load parameters, the source network load storage access model of the 5G ultra dense networking under the dynamic load distributed control mode is established. Through the method of optimal control of reactive power and voltage of distribution network, the transmission link equilibrium structure model of 5G source network load storage access to power wireless private network is constructed. Combined with the coverage analysis of link topology structure and the benefit maximization constraint analysis of production and consumption users, the active and reactive capacity analysis of transaction between production and consumption user groups and multiple production and consumption users is adopted. Combined with the energy storage characteristics analysis and power flow parameter calculation of the source network load storage access power, the 5G ultra dense networking and private network access to the source network load storage access power are realized. The test shows that this method has better power balance dispatching ability and larger output power gain when it is applied to the design of source network load storage access power wireless private network.

This article studies the relationship between governance and entrepreneurship, with a specific focus on Lebanon. In Lebanon, fragility and hybridity — manifested in violent conflict and sectarian oligopolies — undermine entrepreneurial activities, among others through its impact on electricity supply. It is found here that hybrid governance results in inflated electricity prices and reduced electricity reliability, undermining business competitiveness and limiting innovative entrepreneurship. The article's contributions lie in providing a deeper understanding of entrepreneurship in fragile states and showing not merely that, but precisely how, governance matters for developmental entrepreneurship.

This paper summarizes the approaches to and the implications of bottom–up infrastructure modeling in the framework of the EMF28 model comparison "Europe 2050: The Effects of Technology Choices on EU Climate Policy". It includes models covering all the sectors currently under scrutiny by the European Infrastructure Priorities: Electricity, natural gas, and CO₂. Results suggest that some infrastructure enhancement is required to achieve the decarbonization, and that the network development needs can be attained in a reasonable timeframe. In the electricity sector, additional cross-border interconnection is required, but generation and the development of low-cost renewables is a more challenging task. For natural gas, the falling total consumption could be satisfied by the current infrastructure in place, and even in a high-gas scenario the infrastructure implications remain manageable. Model results on the future role of Carbon Capture, Transport, and Sequestration (CCTS) vary, and suggest that most of the transportation infrastructure might be required in and around the North Sea.

Substantially reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from electricity production will require a transformation of the resources used to produce power. Several different incentive-based policies have been proposed ranging from setting minimums for clean generation sources to maximum emission rate standards and caps on CO₂ emissions, all of which are allowed under the EPA’s Clean Power Plan. This paper analyzes the economic consequences of a suite of different flexible and comprehensive policies to reduce CO₂ emissions from the power sector, including a carbon tax, a tradable emissions rate performance standard, and two versions of a clean energy standard (CES). Modeling results suggest that policies that encourage emissions reductions along multiple margins can be substantially more cost-effective than less flexible policies. The margins are intra and inter fuel, and technology substitution, electricity demand, and generator fuel efficiency. Despite cost differences, all of the policies result in substantial increases in social welfare.

In this paper we present an extensive comparison of four different classes of models for daily forecasting of spot electricity prices, including ARMAX, constant and time-varying parameter regression models as well as non-linear Markov regime-switching regressions. They are selected for particular reasons related to the emerging body of research on the price formation processes observed in electricity markets. The analyses are conducted for representative trading periods of the day in the UK Power Exchange prompt market, with the price series adjusted for their deterministic components and spikes. They show that relative out-of-sample forecasting performances are distinctly different for each trading period, season and across the actual performance metrics. No model consistently outperforms the others, but the ARMAX approach performs well in most cases and the Diebold and Mariano test indicates that, when it is not the best, the ARMAX model is not statistically different from the best. Nevertheless, we suggest that subtle differences in performance between different methods under different conditions are consistent with the apparent variations in the price formation processes by time of day and by season. We conclude with some observations on the disparities between the model specifications appropriate for understanding in-sample price formation and those for accurate out-of-sample predictions.

Electricity services are crucial for human well-being and to a country’s socio-economic development. Despite its importance, low levels of electricity adoption continue to prevail in most rural areas in SSA. Low socio-economic development has been attributed among others factors to lack of modern energy sources especially electricity among rural households, which has been identified as a major setback in propelling empowerment and development at household and community level. There is minimal or no research conducted to understand the socio-economic dynamics of electricity adoption among households in Meru-South Sub-County. Household interviews were conducted from 150 randomly selected households using closed and opened ended questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression. Result revealed that the largest proportion of the respondents were non-adopters. Possible predictor factors that significantly influenced adoption were distance from the transformer, education level, gender, household size, and income. Results further indicated that accessibility (proximity of the transformer) and cost of connection were perceived as the utmost prior challenges to electricity adoption by households. It was recommended that rural electrification project should be in considerate of household level characteristics in process of planning for electricity dissemination in rural areas to ensure heterogeneity in electricity adoption.

In the wake of the 2017 hurricane season, discussions across the Caribbean have turned to the need to develop more resilient energy systems, particularly through the deployment of renewable energy sources. In this paper, we examine the post-Hurricane Maria rebuilding of Dominica’s electricity system in light of recent scholarship around the Anthropocene and the Caribbean, work that has heightened awareness of the entanglements between the earth’s geophysical forces and its socio-economic and geo-political relations. Drawing on archival research and key informants in Dominica, we describe the history of Dominica’s energy system, and then provide an overview of some of the energy rebuilding efforts in the country’s ongoing recovery from Hurricane Maria, particularly around the question of resilience. While we acknowledge critiques of resilience as a framework for disaster management, we also argue that resilience initiatives foster the potential for an Anthropocene reimagining of geosocial formations within the Caribbean. In the conclusion, we argue that the domain of energy, and in particular electricity, opens up important questions at the interface of social-ecological relations and the organization of collective life.

The current topic of clean air and water is often left incomplete. When we discuss cleaner cars or more regulations, we forget that none of this can genuinely be sustainable without improving our infrastructure, an objective we are mostly avoidant. With this sprouting age of technology, we have companies interject that their model is “the newest in sustainability.” Still, the systems that support production have fallen rapidly behind due to a lack of funding and push from the public. In this paper, I hope to begin a discussion on the importance of improving our energy infrastructure over the course of my lifetime. Eventually, a sprout of real change might happen to improve the lives of those around me.

The fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and environmental pollution associated with conventional power generation has led to an increased adoption of renewable energy sources among university campuses. The purpose of this study is to optimally size an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for a university campus in Nigeria. Furthermore, this study seeks to conduct a techno-economic evaluation of the proposed system using the HOMER software. Sensitivity analysis was carried out based on power generated, economic feasibility, and environmental considerations of the hybrid renewable energy system. Obtained results reveal that the proposed system leads to significant reduction of pollutants and an investment return during the fourth year of a 25-year investment lifetime. There is also cost savings of approximately $14,279,601 with a 31% return on investment and a positive net profit value of $17.4 million.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction: the industry before the liberalisation

• The process of liberalisation

• An assessment of the regulatory reform
  • The market structure
  • The liberalisation of supply
  • The remuneration for the competitive transition costs
  • The procedure for the regulatory reform

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• The electricity supply industry in Poland

• Scope and objectives of the new Act

• Basic principles of organisation and functioning of the electricity supply industry
  • The principle of separation of generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity
  • The principle of operation of transmission and distribution enterprises as public utilities
  • The principle of limited third party access to the network
  • The principle of supplying electricity on the basis of a contract
  • The principle of securing rational and economical use of fuels and electricity in the processes of designing, producing, importing, constructing and using equipment, installations and networks

• Basic principles of influencing the electricity supply industry by the State
  • The principle of separation of ownership, political and regulatory functions
  • The principle of uniformity of energy policy
  • The principle of electricity industry regulation independence
  • The principle of regulation through concessions and tariffs
  • The principle of regulation for competition
  • The principle of ensuring observance of the Act by criminal-administrative means

• Secondary legislation

• The Regulator

• Privatisation in the electricity supply industry

• Conclusions

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Conceptual background
  • A conceptual model for a competitive electricity industry
  • The need for aggregation
  • Practical implementation

• The National Electricity Market
  • Market rules
  • Initial results of spot market trading in the NEM
  • Forward markets in financial instruments
  • Ancillary services and projections of system adequacy

• Network pricing
  • NEC provisions for inter-connectors between regions
  • NEC provisions for intra-regional transmission network pricing and access
  • NEC provisions for distribution network pricing and access

• Regulatory arrangements
  • Economic efficiency
  • Social equity
  • Environmental impact

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Why are wholesale electricity trading arrangements needed?

• Wholesale trading arrangements – principles, objectives and issues

• Characterisation of wholesale trading arrangements – three generic models
  • Mandatory pooling
  • Bilateral contracting and residual trading
  • Nodal pricing

• Competing wholesale trading options for Europe – which to choose?

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• A theoretical framework
  • Literature review
  • Theoretical expectations
  • The UK electricity generation industry - modelling assumptions
  • Model
    • Environmental regulation
    • Economic regulation
    • Implications of the non-co-operative regulatory regime
    • Cupertino

• Conclusions

• References

A major intention for guidelines on deregulation of electricity markets is to provide electricity at more competitive (= lower) prices than under monopolies with franchised service areas. Despite little doubt that there will be short term decreases in electricity prices – at least for large customers – it is not clear how long these price reductions will last. This is due to the fact that nobody knows how the structure of the European power industry will develop in the long run. Since there is no final stage of an equilibrium market it is likely that mergers will take place and that small utilities will disappear. The major conclusion of this chapter is that without a new strong regulation – probably on an EC level – electricity prices in the long run may be at the same or an even higher level as under the past regimes of monopolies with franchised service areas.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Expectations from a liberalised ESI

• Plant capacity and fuel use after liberalisation

• Air pollution emissions after liberalisation

• Revisions in official energy/emissions scenarios
  • Fuel shares and CO₂ emissions scenarios
  • SO₂ emissions scenarios

• Conclusion

• References