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Machine analysis of facial emotion recognition is a challenging and an innovative research topic in human-computer intelligent interaction nowadays. The eye and the mouth regions are most essential components for facial emotion recognition. Most of the existing approaches have not utilized the eye and the mouth regions for high recognition rate. This paper proposes an approach to overcome this limitation using the eye and the mouth region-based emotion recognition using reinforced local binary patterns (LBP). The local features are extracted in each frame by using Gabor wavelet with selected scale and orientations. This feature is passed on to the ensemble classifier for detecting the location of the face region. From the signature of each pixel on the face, the eye and the mouth regions are detected using ensemble classifier. The eye and the mouth features are extracted using reinforced LBP. Multi-class Adaboost algorithm is used to select and classify these discriminative features for recognizing the emotion of the face. The developed methods are deployed on the RML, CK and FERA 2011 databases, and they exhibit significant performance improvement owing to their novel features when compared to the existing techniques.

The paper presents a novel approach for classification of faults in Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission line with series compensation. The proposed algorithm utilizes single end currents extracted from three phases of a transmission line given to a fault detection and classification system. A detailed model is constructed to analyze fault patterns occurring on a dual feed system with multiple series compensation provided on EHV transmission line. The algorithm uses a full cycle of post-fault currents. A Multiresolution Analysis Wavelet-based decomposition technique is used to provide a joint time frequency analysis. Extensive study is done by designing different fault classifiers using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with different feature vector groups. The SVMs with different parameters are compared to show performance of SVMs in given feature space of faults. A new algorithm is proposed with Ensemble method having group of different classifiers, namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K-Nearest Neighborhood (KNN) and SVM. A combination of feature selection with Ensemble Classifiers is trained and tested on a wide range of fault patterns. A significant improvement in performance is obtained with different combination of features in Ensemble Classifier using subspace partition method.The proposed Ensemble Classifier provides an accuracy of 99.5%.

Brain tumor is one of the most severe nervous system disorders affecting the health of humans and critically it will lead to death. The most elevated disease that causes a major death rate is Glioma, i.e. a primary intracranial tumor. One of the widely used techniques in medical imaging is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which turned out as the principle diagnosis model for the analysis of glioma and its treatment. However, the brain tumor segmentation and classification process are more complicated problems to execute. This paper intends to introduce a novel brain tumor classification model that includes four major phases: (i) Pre-processing (ii) Segmentation (iii) Brain Feature extraction (iv) Brain tumor Classification. Initially, the input image is subjected to the pre-processing phase, in which the image is pre-processed under a certain process. The pre-processed images are then subjected to the segmentation phase, which is carried out by the k-means clustering. Subsequently, the segmented images are subjected to the brain feature extraction phase, in which the features are extracted using the hybrid Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-GIST feature extraction method. Then, these features are given as the input to the classification process, where the ensemble classifier is exploited for the same. Moreover, the proposed ensemble technique includes k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Optimized Neural Network (NN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). To precisely detect the tumor classification, the NN training is performed using Elephant Herding Optimization with mutation operations (EHOMO) Algorithm via selecting the optimal weights.

Huge amount of personal data is collected by online applications and its protection based on privacy has brought a lot of major challenging issues. Hence, the $K$-anonymization with privacy-preserving data publishing has emerged as an active research field. The published data contains personalized information, which may be used for analysis converting it to useful information. In this paper, Quasi identifier (QI) data publishing with data preservation through the $K$-anonymization process is proposed. Moreover, the risks such as the temporal attack in the previous release of re-identifying QI information are evaluated using the $K$-anonymity model. The development of independent and ensemble classifiers for finding efficient QI’s to avoid temporal attacks is the major objective of this paper. Therefore, the classifiers like Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Multilayer Perceptron are used as base classifiers. An ensemble model based on these base classifiers is also used. The experimental results demonstrate that, the proposed classification approach is an effective K-anonymity tool for the enhancement of sequential release.

Microarray technology has supplied a large volume of data, which changes many problems in biology into the problems of computing. As a result techniques for extracting useful information from the data are developed. In particular, microarray technology has been applied to prediction and diagnosis of cancer, so that it expectedly helps us to exactly predict and diagnose cancer. To precisely classify cancer we have to select genes related to cancer because the genes extracted from microarray have many noises. In this paper, we attempt to explore seven feature selection methods and four classifiers and propose ensemble classifiers in three benchmark datasets to systematically evaluate the performances of the feature selection methods and machine learning classifiers. Three benchmark datasets are leukemia cancer dataset, colon cancer dataset and lymphoma cancer data set. The methods to combine the classifiers are majority voting, weighted voting, and Bayesian approach to improve the performance of classification. Experimental results show that the ensemble with several basis classifiers produces the best recognition rate on the benchmark datasets.

Intrusion Detection Systems have considerable importance in preventing security threats and protecting computer networks against attackers. So far, various classification approaches using data mining and machine learning techniques have been proposed to the problem of intrusion detection. However, using single classifier systems for intrusion detection suffers from some limitations including lower detection rate for low-frequent attacks, detection instability, and complexity in training process. Ensemble classifier systems combine several individual classifiers and obtain a classifier with higher performance. In this paper, we propose a new ensemble classifier using Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks and fuzzy clustering in order to increase detection accuracy and stability, reduce false positives, and provide higher detection rate for low-frequent attacks. We also use a hybrid combination method to aggregate the individual predictions of the base classifiers, which helps to increase detection accuracy. The experimental results on NSL-KDD data set demonstrate that our proposed system has a higher detection accuracy compared to other wellknown classification systems. It also performs more effectively for detection of low-frequent attacks. Furthermore, the proposed ensemble method offers better performance compared to popular ensemble methods.

Classification of microarray data is one of the major research interests in the biomedical field. It allows physicians for early detection of cancer through analysis of the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Classification of these sensitive data is still challenging due to the small sample and more feature size. In this paper, the authors have used an ensemble model for classifying two types of leukemia as Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). The work is carried out with other types of genetic data such as Leukemia, lung tumor, liver cancer, and liver Cirrhosis. The biomedical data are imbalanced. The ensemble classifier is based on a stacked approach where deep neural network (DNN) classifiers are used as the base classifier. The structure of each DNN is chosen as the homogenous type for the same training process for all classifiers. Because of the adaptive nature and random weight initialization, it provides different results for each classifier. The outputs of the base classifiers are again fed to a gradient boosting ensemble model termed a meta classifier. The meta classifier provides the final classification output. For comparison purposes, two types of meta-classifiers such as support vector machine (SVM) and ensemble gradient boosting are used in the proposed work. The performance of the model is verified well and the results are provided in the result section. From the experimental result, it is observed that the classification accuracy is 96% with SVM and 98% with boosted meta classifier for leukemia data, whereas 99.04% for lung tumor and 99.03% for liver Cirrhosis.

Although IoT sectors seem more popular and pervasively, they struggle with hazards. The botnet is one of the largest security dangers associated with IoT. It enables malicious software to administer and attack private network equipment collectively without the owners’ knowledge. Although many studies have used ML to detect botnets, these are either not very effective or only work with specific types of botnets or devices. As a result, the detection model for deep learning ideas is the focus of this research. It entails three key processes: (a) preprocessing, (b) feature extraction, and (c) classification. The input data are initially preprocessed using an improved data normalization approach. The preprocessed data are used to extract a number of features, including Tanimoto coefficient features, improved differential holoentropy-based features, Pearson r correlation-based features, and others. The detection process will be completed by an ensemble classification model that randomly shuffles models like the Deep Belief Network (DBN) model, Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Bi-GRU, DBN, and LSTM will be averaged to provide the ensemble results. Bi-GRU is trained using the Self Improved Blue Monkey Optimization (SIBMO) Algorithm by selecting the optimal weights, which increases the detection accuracy. The overall performance of the suggested work is then evaluated in relation to other existing models using various methodologies. In comparison to existing methods, the created ensemble classifier $+$ SIBMO scheme obtains the highest accuracy (93%) at a learning percentage of 90%.

This research presents a client and server-based mobile application for recognition and authentication of banknotes; the system extracted the shape context (SC), Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), gradient location and orientation histogram (GLOH), and Histogram of Gradient (HOG). It then reduces the feature set using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Bag of Words and proposed two-dimension reduction approach based on low variance and high correlation filter. The classification was done using a 2-fold Weighted Majority Average (WMA) Ensemble technique with MPLNN and MCSVM as base classifiers. The application was built using Unity 3D; it was tested on Naira, USD, CAD and Euro banknotes and the experimental results proved that the implemented feature vector and the proposed feature reduction and classification technique presented the best results and with promising recognition accuracy, detection rate, and processing time.

In the past decade, many automated prediction methods for the subcellular localization of proteins have been proposed, utilizing a wide range of principles and learning approaches. Based on an experimental evaluation of different methods and their theoretical properties, we propose to combine a well-balanced set of existing approaches to new, ensemble-based prediction methods. The experimental evaluation shows that our ensembles improve substantially over the underlying base methods.

In this paper, we present an approach for predicting algae growth through the selection of influential environmental variables. Chlorophyll a is considered to be an indicator for algal biomass and we predict this as a proxy for algae growth. Environmental variables like water temperature, salinity, etc. have influence upon algae growth. Depending on the geographic location, the influence of these environmental variables will vary. Given a set of relevant environmental variables we perform feature selection using a number of algorithms to identify the variables relevant to the growth. We have developed an influence matrix-based approach to select the relevant features. The selected features are then used for predicting algae growth using different regression algorithms to identify their relative strength. The approach is tested on the algae data of Derwent estuary in Tasmania. The experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of algae growth prediction with influence matrix-based feature selection is superior to using all the features.

Facial expression recognition is an interesting research direction of pattern recognition and computer vision. It has been increasingly used in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction and security monitoring. In recent years, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) as a deep learning technique and multiple classifier combination method has been applied to gain accurate results in classifying face expressions. In this paper, we propose a multimodal classification approach based on a local texture descriptor representation and a combination of CNN to recognize facial expression. Initially, in order to reduce the influence of redundant information, the preprocessing stage is performed using face detection, face image cropping and texture descriptors of Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Local Gradient Code (LGC), Local Directional Pattern (LDP) and Gradient Direction Pattern (GDP) calculation. Second, we construct a cascade CNN architecture using the multimodal data of each descriptor (CNN_LBP, CNN_LGC, CNN_GDP and CNN_LDP) to extract facial features and classify emotions. Finally, we apply aggregation techniques (sum and product rule) for each modality to combine the four multimodal outputs and thus obtain the final decision of our system. Experimental results using CK$+$ and JAFFE database show that the proposed multimodal classification system achieves superior recognition performance compared to the existing studies with classification accuracy of 97, 93% and 94, 45%, respectively.