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A philosophically consistent axiomatic approach to classical and quantum mechanics is given. The approach realizes a strong formal implementation of Bohr's correspondence principle. In all instances, classical and quantum concepts are fully parallel: the same general theory has a classical realization and a quantum realization. Extending the ''probability via expectation'' approach of Whittle to noncommuting quantities, this paper defines quantities, ensembles, and experiments as mathematical concepts and shows how to model complementarity, uncertainty, probability, nonlocality and dynamics in these terms. The approach carries no connotation of unlimited repeatability; hence it can be applied to unique systems such as the universe. Consistent experiments provide an elegant solution to the reality problem, confirming the insistence of the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation on that there is nothing but ensembles, while avoiding its elusive reality picture. The weak law of large numbers explains the emergence of classical properties for macroscopic systems.

This note investigates how various ideas of "expectedness" can be captured in the framework of possibility theory. Particularly, we are interested in trying to introduce estimates of the kind of lack of surprise expressed by people when saying "I would not be surprised that…" before an event takes place, or by saying "I knew it" after its realization. In possibility theory, a possibility distribution is supposed to model the relative levels of possibility of mutually exclusive alternatives in a set, or equivalently, the alternatives are assumed to be rank-ordered according to their level of possibility to take place. Four basic set-functions associated with a possibility distribution, including standard possibility and necessity measures, are discussed from the point of view of what they estimate when applied to potential events. Extensions of these estimates based on the notions of Q-projection or OWA operators are proposed when only significant parts of the possibility distribution are retained in the evaluation. The case of partially-known possibility distributions is also considered. Some potential applications are outlined.

We construct some new stochastic solutions for the fractional nonlinear Schrödinger type equation. Specifically, we introduce these stochastic solutions via geometric and beta distributions. Through these two statistical distributions, the expectation corresponding to solutions are illustrated to depict the influence of random parameters. Actually, the presented results can be used to explain many interesting phenomena in superfluid, optical fibers, plasma physics and vibration propagation in the ground and in structures. Some graphs are offered to illustrate the wave modes of the expectation corresponding to stochastic solutions. Finally, our analysis can be implemented for many other models in real life.

This paper intends to establish the importance of expectations and confidence of Indian investors on the financial market in India. Previous research of investors in other countries has shown that both of these attitudes manifest clear tendencies to change through time and strongly influence the behavior of the pragmatic markets. The field of behavioral finance — an emerging field in financial analysis that takes explicit account of psychological factors — is the driving force of this research. This research is based on information obtained through a survey process in India.

Customer expectation has been an important issue across different academic fields. Customer expectation management enables service providers to provide customers with suitable services in order to achieve high customer satisfaction especially in real-time dynamic service contexts. Understanding actual customer expectations is the primary step before managing customer expectations. However, to our knowledge, there is no research investigating how to measure real-time customer expectations during service delivery. Hence, this study proposes a customer expectation measurement mechanism and evaluates its feasibility and reliability through simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism offers researchers and service providers a feasible approach to measuring and managing real-time customer expectations at service encounters for building satisfactory customer experiences.

Background: Physiotherapists play a key role in sports injury rehabilitation within the sports healthcare team. A strong athlete–physiotherapist relationship is necessary for effective treatment and shaping of athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation. Hence, it is necessary to factor the injured athletes’ expectations in structuring a rehabilitation program.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine athletes’ expectations about physiotherapy in sports injury rehabilitation.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey in which data was collected using the expectation about athletic training (EAAT) questionnaire from 120 recruited athletes of different sporting disciplines. Percentages, means and standard deviations of the expectation scores were computed. Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and athletes’ expectations of physiotherapy in sports injury rehabilitation were analyzed with the chi-square test. Differences between the athletes’ expectations of physiotherapy and demographic characteristics were also analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.

Results: The study revealed that there was no significant difference ($p>0.05$) between gender, injury type, physiotherapy experience and mental skills experience and the athletes’ expectations. There was a significant difference ($p<0.05$) between competition level and athletes’ expectations.

Conclusion: It was concluded that athletes in the Greater Accra Region have high expectations of physiotherapy in injury rehabilitation; thus sports physiotherapists would need to enhance their communication with athletes which may also help them better understand the risks, benefits, timeline and rehabilitation approach.

The present paper studies self-awareness and introduces some self-awareness related incidents. It then describes the relationship between self-awareness and consciousness and explains the MoNAD, a neural network circuit developed by the authors that capably describes the phenomena of self-awareness and consciousness. A model of self-awareness is then presented. This self-awareness model is a parallel network system in which multiple independent MoNADs communicate with one another. In experiments with robots, three test robots were used: (1) a self-image robot reflected in a mirror, (2) another robot, and (3) a cable-connected robot behaving as commanded by the self-robot. The reactions of the three test robots to the self-robot were compared to investigate the self-awareness of the self-robot. The experiments have shown that the conditions required for the self-robot to interpret the test robot to be part of itself are: (1) the test robot must return a reaction within a certain period of time that is internally determined in the self-robot and (2) the returned reaction must be consistent with the expectation that is continually being calculated in the self-robot.

Healthcare improvement relating to basic hospital service attributes is one of the most fundamental driving forces to uplifting in economic and social transition for developing countries in an emerging context. The purpose of this paper is to measure patients’ trio need satisfaction toward doctor service quality (DSQ), nurse caring quality (NCQ), and hospital environment quality (HEQ) and compare the effects of perceived, expected, and service quality gap on patient satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was used to explain the patient satisfaction. The result shows that the perceived service quality (67.3%) and the service quality gap (50.8%) can better explain patient satisfaction than the expected service quality (3.0%). Both perception and gap model show that DSQ, NCQ, and HEQ are significant predictors of patient satisfaction, where NCQ is the most important dimension in explaining patient satisfaction. This study focuses on patient need satisfaction research by being one of the few empirical studies relating to the most basic hospital service quality attributes, contributing to the development of hospital service quality in a developing context of Bangladesh.

With three indices embodying the general characteristics of fuzzy numbers: the expectations of fuzzy numbers, the middle points and the spreads of α–cut sets, a new approach to rank fuzzy numbers through the weighted average method was proposed, and an absolute order relation on the basis of the real number set was generated simultaneously. The ranking result can not only reflect the preference of the decision-maker, but also be computed conveniently, especially in ranking triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Numerical experiments indicated that this approach can overcome some pitfalls rooted in most existing ranking methods to some extent.

In practice, it is not likely that enough data about the failure behavior can be collected to use the probability for reliability analyzing. In some cases, the information we have about the functioning of components and systems is not based on statistics, but is of a linguistic nature. Very often the reliability of the system is presented in a form of the mean time to failure (MTTF) or comparative MTTFs. In order to use this reliability measure for further computations the new models have to be developed. A theory of imprecise probabilities might be a basis for reliability analyzing when we have such the incomplete information about reliability behavior of systems. The basic tool for computing new reliability measures is the natural extension which can be regarded as a linear optimization problem. The reliability of series, parallel, cold standby, m-out-of-n and simple repairable systems is provided by using the natural extension. The chapter may be viewed as an attempt to generalize the classical reliability theory based on the probabilistic models and to study the basic properties and advantages of the new reliability models.

We study the joint linear complexity of linear recurring multisequences, i.e., of multisequences consisting of linear recurring sequences. The expectation and variance of the joint linear complexity of random linear recurring multisequences are determined. These results extend the corresponding results on the expectation and variance of the joint linear complexity of random periodic multisequences. Then we enumerate the linear recurring multisequences with fixed joint linear complexity and determine the generating polynomial for the distribution of joint linear complexities. The proofs use new methods that enable us to obtain results of great generality.

In this paper we describe how information theoretic methods can be used in the context of time-varying subjective probability models in order to quantify such notions as uncertainty and surprisingness as experienced by a hypothetical observer exposed to sequences of symbolic stimuli, in particular, musical patterns. Novel measures of predictive information and predictive information rate, introduced in previous work¹ as a potential model for 'interestingness' or formal aesthetic value, are extended to account for adaptation in the observer's probability model on repeated exposure to a pattern. The system is applied to minimalist music and compared with results from previous rule-based systems of music analysis.