Narrow Results

In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of gold market through time evolution of multifractal spectrum parameters (position of maximum, width and asymmetry), by applying multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis in sliding windows of 4, 10 and 20 years. We find that geopolitical and economic events can decrease market efficiency by inducing changes in gold price dynamics toward increased persistency and stronger multifractality with dominance of large fluctuations. For all analyzed geopolitical events and for all windows sizes, we found stronger multifractality of underlying stochastic process, indicated by the increase in the spectrum width $W$.

This chapter will aim to present a broader picture of the current situation in the Arctic region, including military, economic, minority security etc. Considerations will be given to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine and as a result, this chapter will present a more pessimistic assessment concerning the potential for cooperation and engagement between the western countries and Russia in the light of the Russian aggression. The combination of threats to and in the Arctic region will accelerate global warming and natural disasters in a way that could further increase the security threats and necessitate new and stronger measures form the international community.