Narrow Results

Underwater experiments for an ideal explosive, TNT, and two nonideal explosives, CETR emulsion and DXD-04, were performed, and numerically simulated. For TNT, calculations done by using program-burn models based on the rate-independent Chapman-Jouguet theory were in a good agreement with experimental results, which validated the wide use of program-burn models for ideal explosives. For CETR emulsion and DXD-04, experimental observations could be reproduced with high precision only when reaction rates were employed. These results demonstrated that detonation in nonideal explosives can be modeled only by using properly calibrated reaction rates.