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A significant amount of hydrogen is required for hydroprocessing processes to satisfy the needs of petroleum refinery, natural gas cleaning, and biofuel upgrading. The first section of this chapter introduces the background of hydrogen production technologies. The second section reviews resources that can be used to manufacture hydrogen. The third section provides an overview of the current development of methane reforming, gasification, electrolysis, and other technologies. The last section concludes the chapter and presents the future trends.

Although agricultural production contributed about 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States in 2019, existing agricultural practices are capable of making the sector carbon neutral. Whether American agriculture will ultimately achieve carbon neutrality is ultimately a question of political will, not a scientific one. Given the right policy environment, farms and ranches will be able to cut their emissions and use their land to sequester carbon, while becoming more climate resilient, productive, and profitable…

The Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), located in southern New Jersey, is responsible for treating and managing waste in Atlantic County. At both its solid waste facility (Egg Harbor Township) and wastewater treatment facility (Atlantic City), the ACUA has successfully implemented initiatives including renewable energy projects to reduce emissions. These projects have also saved the Authority money. ACUA’s ability to carry out these projects as a government entity demonstrate that opportunities are available for businesses of all types to have an impact.

Some people think that carbon and sustainable development are not compatible. This textbook shows that carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air and bio-carbon from biomass are our best allies in the energy transition, towards greater sustainability. We pose the problem of the decarbonation (or decarbonization) of our economy by looking at ways to reduce our dependence on fossil carbon (coal, petroleum, natural gas, bitumen, carbonaceous shales, lignite, peat). The urgent goal is to curb the exponential increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) that is directly related to our consumption of fossil carbon for our energy and materials The goal of the Paris agreement (United Nations COP 21, Dec. 12, 2015) of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees (compared to the pre-industrial era, before 1800) is becoming increasingly unattainable (Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), report of Aug. 6, 2021). On Aug. 9, 2021 Boris Johnson, prime minister of the United Kingdom, declared that coal needs to be consigned to history to limit global warming. CO₂ has an important social cost…

Owing to the growing concern for alternative sources of energy, the use of brewery spent grains as potential sources of energy (biogas) has been investigated. Brewery derived biowastes (spent grains) were collected from different breweries in southeast Nigeria. These wastes were digested anaerobically in IL laboratory scale digesters over a hydraulic retention time of 14 days (HRT 14) using cow rumen liquor as source of inoculums. An optimization study was carried out by varying some parameters as water dilution and nutrient supplements (wood ash, urea and poultry dropping). The spent grains gave biogas yield of 58-65% methane. Out of the four sets of spent grains used, feed to water ratio of 1:4w/v gave the best biogas yield for three while feed to water ratio of 1:6w/v gave the best yield for one. During nutrient supplementation, highest biogas yield was recorded for wood ash while urea supplements gave the least biogas yield. Increased carbon to nitrogen ratio was found to encourage biogas production. Wood ash increased carbon to nitrogen ratio while urea decreased it. These tests indicated that brewers spent grains can be utilized for biogas production when digested anaerobically and the sludge generated thereafter can provide high quality manure since nitrogen content of the stabilized bio-wastes increased at the end of the digestion as revealed by the proximate analysis.

This paper addresses the problem of gas identification from an output of a gas sensor. Gas detectors are capable of detecting presence of certain types of gases but sensors that accept multiple analytes like MQ2 do not identify them. Identification of the analyte is very important to properly handle explosive gas. Template for each analyte is generated and used for template matching. A Gaussian type noise embedded in the input is also considered. Sample templates and percentage of accuracy in using template matching are shown. Gases used in the experiment include LPG, butane, propane, methane, alcohol, hydrogen and smoke. Smoke, which is not explosive, is also considered and classified as part of other gas detected.

Ni/CuO-ZrO₂-CeO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method at pH 9 and using Na2CO3 as the precipitant. The Ni loading (mass fraction) of the catalysts was 10%. The coke deposition and active sites of catalysts were characterized by XPS. The results of coke deposition, active sites and evaluation of catalytic performance indicated that autothermal reforming of methane on Ni/CuO-ZrO₂-CeO₂-Al₂O₃catalyst to H₂, CO and CO₂ followed direct reaction mechanism and CO and CO₂ were direct products of reaction.

The catalysts, M (10)/MOR (M=Mn, Fe, Ni), were prepared by impregnation methods and characterized by XRD, NH₃-TPD and NO-TPD. Also, its catalytic activity on CH₄-SCR denitrification reaction was evaluated with fixed-micro reactor. Results showed that Mn (10)/MOR catalysts have good activity and NO conversion rate reached to 30.93% when the temperature is 357°C. The activity of catalyst was influenced by the acidity and the ability of adsorption/desorption of NO.