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The principal aim of the work is to investigate the flow of Williamson fluid on a power law extended lubrication surface with partial sliding under the Magnetohydrodynamic issue on account of alterable thickness lubricated film. Accounting for the influence of microbes, assumption of activation energy, Cattaneo–Christov mass and heat flux took place in the equations of concentration and also in the temperature. Our paper will provide remarkable help to the medical and industrial areas because of the inspection under electro osmosis along with MHD effects in the Williamson fluid flow. With the influence of boundary conditions, built-in equations were studied. The BVP4C technique adopted to solve numerically the transformed ordinary differential equations from nonlinear partial differential equations using innumerable variables. The significant outlines of microorganisms, temperature, concentration and velocity were discussed. Decreases in the velocity distribution were observed with magnetic parameters. Also, an increase in friction coefficient was noticed as 3.1069% for rising magnetic field strength.

This study investigates a multifactorial analysis of the ternary infinite shear rate viscosity of a magnetized radiative Cross nanofluid with consideration of the waste discharge concentration of nanoparticles and of the microorganism behavior over a paraboloid surface. A three-hidden-layer supervised neural network mechanism is used in the analysis. Furthermore, this investigation includes the unique aspects of orthogonal/inclined magnetic field, thermal radiation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, activation energy, and external source variation, with particular attention to the impact of waste discharge concentrations on viscosity and microbial dynamics. A set of partial differential equations is constructed with assumed physical assumptions and conversion is then made to ODEs on the basis of similarity variables. The MATLAB bvp4c program is used in combination with an artificial neural network (ANN) scheme scaled conjugate gradient neural network (SCG-NN) to predict the solution. It is found that the velocity power index, Rayleigh number, and volumetric percentage increase the magnitude of the velocity profile and that the Lorentz force tends to reduce the velocity magnitude of the nanofluid due to electromagnetic drag and resistive effect. Also, the temperature of nanofluid increases with radiation parameter and heat source/sink. The local pollutant external source parameter and local external pollution source variation parameter increase the concentration profile. Low mass transport of microorganisms can be seen for the bio-convection Lewis number, Peclet number and high local pollutant external source parameter.

Infrared spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for taxonomic classification of bacteria when the microbes are grown and sampled under carefully controlled conditions. Infrared spectroscopy affords limited information about relative proportions of certain chemical functional groups in whole microbial cells. The objective of this work is to elucidate the ability of infrared spectroscopy to identify and speciate Bacillus spp. regardless of sample history. Spectrometers utilize different scanning methods to collect infrared absorption spectra. We employed three; transmission through a thin film, transmission infrared microscopy, and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR). Target organisms include Bacillus anthracis, and several near neighbors. Each strain was cultured at 24°C and 35°C on three solid media. Microorganisms were incubated for up to ten days to include vegetative cells, spore formation and mature spores. Triplicate microbe samples were prepared and analyzed according to instrument requirements using the three measurement modes. Triplicate samples of BSL-3 organisms were analyzed only by the thin film transmission method. Spectral data was analyzed using the cluster analysis function of OPUS software. We report that infrared spectrometry is capable of discerning Bacillus spores from vegetative cells and the phylogenic clustering of Bacillus species according to pathogenicity levels via infrared spectral analysis.

In Chinese medicine, fermentation is a highly important processing technology whereby medicinal herbs are fermented under appropriate temperature, humidity, and moisture conditions by means of the action of microorganisms to enhance their original characteristics and/or produce new effects. This expands the scope of such medicines and helps them to meet the stringent demands of clinical application. Since ancient times, Chinese medicine has been made into Yaoqu to reduce its toxicity and increase its efficiency. Modern fermentation technologies have been developed on the basis of traditional fermentation techniques and modern biological technology, and they can be divided into solid fermentation, liquid fermentation, and two-way fermentation technologies according to the fermentation form employed. This review serves as an introduction to traditional fermentation technology and its related products, modern fermentation technologies, and the application of fermentation technology in the field of Chinese medicine. Several problems and challenges facing the field are also briefly discussed.

The bioconvective flows are truly connected to real-life and engineering development. So, the models of biomicrosystems and biocells are considered for the technical analysis in this paper. Our intention for the current analysis was to theoretically examine electrical conduction flow into mass and heat transfer by an extensive gyrotactic microorganism into an inclined magnetic field toward a vertical stretching sheet with nonlinear solar radiation with different solar thermal appliances. The effect on velocity slip and Joule heating was again studied in detail. This classical problem on Navier Stokes equations to the current imitation was decreased to ordinary differential equations by applying the comparison method. The numerical solutions were changed by boundary value problem (BVP) to clarify the subject into finite difference numerical scheme by applying MATLAB. The important results show that the density of motile microorganisms reduces to the bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number, although reverse performance was noticed for the bioconvection Rayleigh number. Further, solar radiation fosters heat transport. In this paper, complete analysis is provided for potential functions of solar thermoelectric cells, solar ponds, solar thermal power fabrication, etc.

This study aims to discover the application of bioconvection and heat absorption or omission aspect of 2D incompressible MHD Oldroyd-B nanofluid over the stagnation region. Directed by suitable similarity transformations, the system of PDEs is transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ODEs. The results were made by using Runge–Kutta shooting technique. The Buongiorno model is capitalized while Oldroyd-B model is employed for portraying the viscoelastic behavior of the flow. In order to visualize the impact of relevant parameters on momentum boundary layer, temperature, concentration and microorganism profiles are computed graphically. Numerical outcomes for the local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, microorganism number and local skin friction number are calculated for different parametric situations to provide interesting features of the examination. Furthermore, it has been also observed from statistical point that the correlation coefficient of the local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, microorganism number and local skin friction number with various parametric situations are highly significant at the $\alpha =0.01$ level of significance ($p<0.0001$ for a two-tailed test).

In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with Williamson hybrid nanofluid (HNF), considering the influence of bioconvection as well as a chemical reaction on a stretched surface. We observe no investigation on bioconvection Williamson HNFs flow in the literature, which is a novel contribution to the literature. The recent study seeks to enhance the heat transfer rate by investigating inclined magnetic field, along with the interplay of bioconvection and chemical reactions. The employed hybrid nanoparticles consist of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and copper (Cu) suspended in base fluid (water). The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are changed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through an appropriate similarity transformation. These ODEs are subsequently analyzed employing the MATLAB bvp4c approach numerically. This study presents comprehensive insights into the behavior of distinct parameters, conveyed through phase portraits of temperature, velocity, nanoparticle concentration, as well as microorganism density profiles. The results showed that the momentum profile was inversely affected by increasing Williamson parameter, magnetic force, and inclination angle, while the temperature was boosted with advanced magnetic field, radiation parameter as well as Brownian motion parameter values.

One of the most cutting-edge ways to combat cancerous cells is to use cell drug carriers. These microorganisms swarm affected cells, preventing them from spreading throughout the body when they come into contact with outside stimuli. This work proposes a new type of non-Newtonian fluid flow through microvessel contains oxytactic motile microorganisms beside nanoparticles. These microorganisms swim up the oxygen concentration gradient, they also are oxygen consumers. These microorganisms serve as drug carriers to attack and destroy hypoxic tumor cells. The movement of these items within a porous peristaltic conduit that a fluid supported by nanoparticles travels through is represented mathematically in this work. The mathematical model accounts for the impact of thermal radiation forces, thermophoresis force, and Brownian motion using the main governing equations describing this issue such as momentum, heat, concentration, microorganisms, and oxytactic microorganisms transportation, which are solved using the Adomian decomposition method. The findings concentrated on demonstrating the thermal and streamlined distribution behavior of the flow in the presence of microorganisms. These results were demonstrated through a series of graphs followed by analysis in detail. In summary, some important results were discovered from the physical analysis, such as an increase in effective thermal diffusivity while resisting the diffusivity of oxytactic microorganisms, which decays the microorganism’s dispersion. Furthermore, the non-Newtonian Sutterby parameter causes a temperature decrease in all conduit domains because it opposes fluid motion. This study is expected to offer further possibilities for enhancing drug-carrier applications in hypoxic tumor areas by gaining a better understanding of the blood flow characteristics in those places.

Water Matters Engineering the Reclamation of H₂0.

Identification of Microbial Contamination in Water Treatment and Distribution Systems.

From Wastewater to Safe Water: The NTU Experience.

Second Generation Biofuels: The Way Forward.

In this study, the flagellar motility of a swimmer microorganism as a model of a human sperm cell, inside a two-dimensional channel as a model of the female reproductive tract containing a viscous fluid, is numerically investigated. The Navier–Stokes equations governing the fluid are coupled with the equations governing the models flagellum via applying a fluid–solid interaction approach and then solved using the finite element method. To stimulate the flagellum to move, a prescribed sinusoidal waveform is applied to it. The strain induced by this waveform along the flagellum initiates a continuous interaction between the flagellum and the fluid. The simulations are validated using data available in the literature. A very good agreement is seen between them. The results show that by decreasing the Young modulus of the flagellum as well as increasing the fluid viscosity, the swimming velocity of the model significantly decreases. It is found that for lower Young modulus of the flagellum, the effect of the fluid viscosity on the flagellar deformation is stronger. It is also found that for higher amplitude of the waveform applied to stimulate the flagellum, both the swimming velocity of the model and the average work rate are greater. Moreover, it is found that in a channel with a smaller height, the model swims at a higher speed and with a higher average work rate.

We present significantly advanced studies of the previously introduced physical growth mechanism and unite it with biochemical growth factors. Obtained results allowed formulation of the general growth law which governs growth and evolutional development of all living organisms, their organs and systems. It was discovered that the growth cycle is predefined by the distribution of nutritional resources between maintenance needs and biomass production. This distribution is quantitatively defined by the growth ratio parameter, which depends on the geometry of an organism, phase of growth and, indirectly, the organism's biochemical machinery. The amount of produced biomass, in turn, defines the composition of biochemical reactions. Changing amount of nutrients diverted to biomass production is what forces organisms to proceed through the whole growth and replication cycle. The growth law can be formulated as follows: the rate of growth is proportional to influx of nutrients and growth ratio. Considering specific biochemical components of different organisms, we find influxes of required nutrients and substitute them into the growth equation; then, we compute growth curves for amoeba, wild type fission yeast, and fission yeast's mutant. In all cases, predicted growth curves correspond very well to experimental data. Obtained results prove validity and fundamental scientific value of the discovery.

Infrared spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for taxonomic classification of bacteria when the microbes are grown and sampled under carefully controlled conditions. Infrared spectroscopy affords limited information about relative proportions of certain chemical functional groups in whole microbial cells. The objective of this work is to elucidate the ability of infrared spectroscopy to identify and speciate Bacillus spp. regardless of sample history. Spectrometers utilize different scanning methods to collect infrared absorption spectra. We employed three; transmission through a thin film, transmission infrared microscopy, and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR). Target organisms include Bacillus anthracis, and several near neighbors. Each strain was cultured at 24°C and 35°C on three solid media. Microorganisms were incubated for up to ten days to include vegetative cells, spore formation and mature spores. Triplicate microbe samples were prepared and analyzed according to instrument requirements using the three measurement modes. Triplicate samples of BSL-3 organisms were analyzed only by the thin film transmission method. Spectral data was analyzed using the cluster analysis function of OPUS software. We report that infrared spectrometry is capable of discerning Bacillus spores from vegetative cells and the phylogenic clustering of Bacillus species according to pathogenicity levels via infrared spectral analysis.

The vertical hybrid constructed wetland (VHCW) is a new constructed wetland for treating decentralized domestic sewage. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal rate between two kinds of vertical hybrid constructed wetlands was conducted on a middle-scale (4000 mm length ×2000 mm width ×2000 mm height). The results showed that the average removal rates were 55.64% for CODcr, 47.93% for TN, 50.41% for NH₃-N, 51.67% for TP in the integrative vertical hybrid constructed wetland system and the average removal rates were 75.15% for CODcr, 57.08% for TN, 60.06% for NH₃-N, and 55.08% for TP in segregated vertical hybrid constructed wetland system. There is a significant difference in CODcr removal rate between two vertical hybrid constructed wetland while the removal rates of TP nearly have no difference between two vertical hybrid constructed wetlands (VHCWs). In the first month of the experiment, the removal rates of nutrient are unstable and low. Because the concentration of influent was unstable and the temperature was relativity low, microbial activity can be influenced by temperature. Microorganisms' respiration was the major process for CODcr removal and plant uptake and substrate have an important effect on TN and TP removal. The segregated vertical hybrid constructed wetland system removal efficiency of contaminants is better than that of integrative vertical hybrid constructed wetland system and it can be used in the actual project.

The focus of this study was antimicrobial membrane-activity of microorganisms isolated from soils of Iran. In this work soil samples were collected from desert and farming zones of Northern and Central of Iran. A total number of 75 species consist of 36 bacteria, 28 fungi and 11 actinomycetes were isolated from the soil samples. In the primary screening that was performed to evaluate antimicrobial activity, isolated microorganisms were analyzed in terms of their general inhibition effects to indicator strains E. coli, C. albicans, and S. cervisiae. It has been found that 23 isolates including 4 bacteria, 13 fungi and 6 actinomycetes, were effective against test microorganisms. In the secondary screening to determine membrane-active metabolites producing microorganisms, isolates which had an inhibitory effect against test microorganisms, were analyzed for membrane activity using a Rapid Chromatic Detection method. Based on color and fluorescence changes that are easily identified by the naked eye and fluorescent microscope, 3 species consist of 1 fungus and 2 actinomycetes had membrane-activity effect and were stored for the sake of further study and identification.

Orthodontics as a science can not be isolated from the dental and cultural evolution of the world. The application components can cause alterations in microbial flora due to reduced pH and increased retention areas for microorganisms.

Objective. Determined by multiplex PCR, the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus intermedius and Streptococcus sobrinus in patients with orthodontic treatment techniques in the MBT and Alexander Orthodontics Clinic UAS.

Materials and Methods. Were token 80 patients of both sexes attending the Clinic of Orthodontics and Orthopedics at the UAS of between 12 and 25 years old with fixed appliance orthodontic techniques Alexander (0.18) and MBT (3M), with a minimum of 3 months placing the brackets, all samples were applied Multiplex PCR.

Results. In 41 patients with brackets Alexander, Streptococcus intermedius, 8 (19.5%) compared with 39 patients with MBT brackets Porphyromonas gingivalis in brackets Alexander 5 (12.2%) cases versus 1 (2.6%) case in MBT Brackets, Streptococcus mutans was (p = .738) in brackets Alexander 6 (14.6%) versus 4 (10.3%) MBT. Streptococcus Sobrinus was (p =. 433) with Alexander Brackets 5 (12.2%) and 2 (5.1%) with MBT brackets.

Conclusion. Is to identify microorganisms associated with dental caries and periodontal disease in patients with brackets attached (Alexander) and twin brackets (MBT). The increased presence of microorganisms in number and species was attached (Alexander) compared with twin brackets (MBT). There were no organisms analyzed in this study for age, sex and design of brackets.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the synergism effect of citric acid, lemon oil, lime oil and nisin as sanitizer to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, “in vitro”, using statistical design (23 factorial designs with three central points). The experiment was carried out, varying the concentrations of citric acid (% w/v, 0; 0.5; 1.0), lime oil (% v/v, 0; 1.0; 2.0) and nisin (IU/mL, 0; 50; 100), using nutrient broth as media. Escherichia coli was inoculated into 11 flasks (106 CFU/mL), which were incubated at 37°C during 24 h. The interaction between lime and lemon oil was also studied. The results showed that after 1h, only citric acid and lime oil had significant effects on inhibition growth of the E. coli as well their interaction (p<0.05). When the factors were combined, the reduction was 100%. No combined effect on combating bacteria growth was observed between lime and lemon oils in the range studied.