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Distribution profiles of Sr injected into the stem of a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) were determined using PIXE. The Sr injected into the middle of the sapwood of the cedar stem moved upwards easily along the grain. The movement of the Sr in a radial direction in the stem (assumed to be through the ray) was small and there was almost no tangential movement.

Forty- six cervical radiculopathy patients, age- and gender-matched with 43 controls, recruited in this study were measured for end-range flexion, extension, lateral rotation right and left using the Spin-T goniometer. Within group differences were calculated using a paired t-test and differences between groups were compared using an independent sample t-test at p < 0.05. The results showed that the mean cervical spine ROM in the cervical radiculopathy group was reduced compared to matched controls for flexion (t = 2.26, p = 0.02), extension (t = 2.30, p = 0.02) and full cycle rotation (sum of left and right rotation) (t = 2.01, p = 0.04). Differences calculated within normal controls and the patients for paired rotation movements were not significant. Cervical ROM comparisons between a cervical radiculopathy patient cohort and a normal control group indicate a trend toward limitation of ROM compared to normal controls although it does not seem to be a systematic feature of the pain population as tested in this study. The reduction was not unilaterally patterned and did not show any difference in individual movements of the cervical spine when compared to any one painful side.

The past 25 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the basal ganglia. In the 1980s, a series of studies yielded the now classic descriptions of basal ganglia connectivity and information flow that now dominates textbook descriptions. This was followed by the appearance of reward-based learning theories of corticostriatal function in which dopamine played a critical role in modulating corticostriatal connectivity. These advances have contributed enormously to our understanding of the basic principles of some of the circuits within these structures, and have dominated novel approaches to treatment of basal ganglia diseases. Yet even so, many of the common symptoms of Parkinson's disease or dystonia are incompletely understood, suggesting that these "dark basements of the brain" still harbor hidden secrets.

One reason for the difficulty to develop effective therapies for stroke is that intrinsic factors, such as stress, may critically influence pathological mechanisms and recovery. In cognitive tasks, stress can both exaggerate and alleviate functional loss after focal ischemia in rodents. Using a comprehensive motor assessment in rats, this study examined if chronic stress and corticosterone treatment affect skill recovery and compensation in a task-specific manner. Groups of rats received daily restraint stress or oral corticosterone supplementation for two weeks prior to a focal motor cortex lesion. After lesion, stress and corticosterone treatments continued for three weeks. Motor performance was assessed in two skilled reaching tasks, skilled walking, forelimb inhibition, forelimb asymmetry and open field behavior. The results revealed that persistent stress and elevated corticosterone levels mainly limit motor recovery. Treated animals dropped larger amounts of food in successful reaches and showed exaggerated loss of forelimb inhibition early after lesion. Stress also caused a moderate, but non-significant increase in infarct size. By contrast, stress and corticosterone treatments promoted reaching success and other quantitative measures in the tray reaching task. Comparative analysis revealed that improvements are due to task-specific development of compensatory strategies. These findings suggest that stress and stress hormones may partially facilitate task-specific and adaptive compensatory movement strategies. The observations support the notion that hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation may be a key determinant of recovery and motor system plasticity after ischemic stroke.

The article presents the facts about the pioneering research results of Professor Nikolai Bernstein in the area of man's voluntary movements. Relevant data are given concerning the priority of introducing the notion of feedback in the process of active voluntary human movements, twelve years before the known Wiener's publication. Bernstein demonstrated how the problems of general physiology can be explored in terms of the structural analysis of movements. He dealt with the most important aspects of the vital activity of higher organisms, and how this has been accorded the place in physiology and, when it developed, promised to be of the greatest value in cybernetics and in the exact mathematical formulation of a physiological theory of motor behavior. In his research, Bernstein modeled the function of the central nervous system and offered the cyberneticists a system for the development of analogs for experimental model-making that was not only incomparably richer than examples of internal stabilizing processes (blood-pressure, temperature and sugar-level regulating systems, for example), and also more complex than the systems of dynamic regulation that have already been studied in some depth, such as the mechanisms of ocular accommodation, or of the pupillary reaction.

In this paper, it is described that the motion of water droplets on the hydrophobic surface of ZnO nanorod array impregnated lubricant, is called slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS). The energy gradient required to induce the motion of the droplets is created on the boundary of superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array and SLIPS. Because of the lower viscous force of SLIPS, the water droplet can rapidly move for longer distance on the surface. In view of changing the release distance of water droplet, the mechanism for the rapid movement is discussed. The results indicate that the movement distance of water droplet markedly increases with the increasing of the release distance. Because the potential energy of the height is converted into kinetic energy, the water droplet intensively collides the interface between ZnO nanorod array and SLIPS. This impact makes the water droplet distort, which enhances the driving force. These new findings will not only deepen our understanding of the relationship between surface structure and dynamic wetting properties, but also afford the new notion and beneficial reference for designing liquid droplet transportation devices in micro-fluidic systems.

Assume that $n$ mobile sensors are thrown uniformly and independently at random with the uniform distribution on the unit interval. We study the expected sum over all sensors $i$ from $1$ to $n,$ where the contribution of the $i^{\mathrm{\text{th}}}$ sensor is its displacement from the current location to the anchor equidistant point $t_i=\frac{i}{n}-\frac{1}{2n},$ raised to the $a^{\mathrm{\text{th}}}$ power, when $a$ is an odd natural number.

As a consequence, we derive the following asymptotic identity. Fix $a$ positive integer. Let $X_{i:n}$ denote the $i^{\mathrm{\text{th}}}$ order statistic from a random sample of size $n$ from the Uniform$(0,1)$ population. Then

This article emphasizes the development of the Muslim women’s movement in Turkey. It traces the historical roots of this movement as well as its evolution toward two different understandings of women. It is clearly seen that there exist two main approaches to the role of women among Islamic groups: while the traditional Islamic understanding strives to maintain women’s traditional roles notwithstanding that it advocates the right to benefit from modern education, another understanding challenges this and tries to ensure women’s existence on a “womanly” base in the public life. The author attempts also to depict the story of how Muslim women have attempted to be articulated in the public sphere, their 50-year struggle to achieve that goal, as well as the discourses, values and symbols that have generally been centered on the “headscarf debates”.

Embodied design is a proactive educational research program that promotes and investigates humans’ universal capacity to understand STEM concepts. The program’s empirical work is centered on design-based research projects that contribute theory to the Learning Sciences through the practice of building, implementing, and evaluating experimental pedagogical architectures that inform instructional practice. Using both historical and emerging technologies, embodied-design activities are typically two-stepped: (1) draw on students’ evolutionary inclination for purposeful sensorimotor engagement with the natural environment; and only then (2) introduce heritage symbolic artifacts that students initially adopt to enhance the enactment, evaluation, or explanation of their intuitive judgments and actions, yet, in so doing, find themselves adopting normative disciplinary forms, language, representations, and solution procedures. Embodied-design researchers apply mixed methods — from ethnomethodological conversation analysis through to multimodal learning analytics and cross-Recurrent Quantification Analysis — in analyzing empirical data of learning process, including records of students’ motor actions, sensory behavior, and multimodal utterance in conversation with peers and instructors. Several decades of projects across numerous mathematical content domains have increasingly implicated perception — a hypothetical Psychology construct believed to govern sensorimotor and cognitive behavior — as pivotal in explaining students’ capacity to first solve challenging motor-control coordination problems and then bridge through to discursive articulation of their movement strategy. As they attempt to operate the educational technology according to an unknown interaction regimen, new information patterns, e.g., an imaginary line connecting their hands, come forth spontaneously into students’ perceptual experience as their cognitive means of managing the enactment of the activity’s targeted movement forms. These emergent, proto-mathematical, multimodal, dynamical ontologies are then languaged and entified into consciousness, grounding the meaning of conceptual terminology and procedural routines. The embodied-design framework has been applied in building technologies for students of intersectional diversity, including populations of minoritized epistemic — linguistic practices and atypical neural, cognitive, and sensorial capacity.