Narrow Results

Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc. has developed the technology to manufacture a brand name "Finash" about 12 years ago, by sorting and classifying coal ash generated in coal fired power plants. "Finash" is highly functional fly ash (HFA) is produced by removing irregular coarse particles. It is important for the production of HFA to minimize the variation in quality of coal ash with sophisticated classification technique and extracting good-quality spherical fine particles. It is now widely utilized as concrete admixture for general civil engineering structures and buildings in Japan. When highly functional fly ash (HFA) is used as shotcrete admixture to substitute for fine aggregate of 100kg/m³, the shotcrete has the advantages of decreasing the amount of dust and rebound during spraying operation, improving the hardened properties of concrete, etc. Therefore, it has been applied in many tunnel construction projects. This paper discusses about the various characteristics such as construction placement, strength, neutralization and dry shrinkage of shotcrete using highly functional fly ash (HFA), using the results that is obtained from spray test in an actual road tunnel.

Three cases are reviewed of radioactive material with anomalous decay after ultrasound irradiation. In the pure element thorium-228 in distilled water, the radioactivity decreased faster after cavitation than the natural decay. The more complex molecule of Nickel Nitrate, made of radioactive nickel-63, in solution of nitric acid and distilled water was investigated before and after ultrasound irradiation. The X-rays produced by Bremsstrahlung of the electrons from the beta decay of Ni-63 were recorded and a 13% decrease of intensity was measured after 100 s of sonication. A decrease of nickel and an increase of other elements was detected by mass spectrometry in the sonicated sample. The Cobalt-57 decay was investigated by detecting the gamma and X-ray intensity from the Iron-57 resulting after its beta emission. In this third case too, an anomalous decay was observed after sonication. These three cases of anomalous behavior can be explained at the light of the Deformed Space–Time theory. It assumes that a suitable sudden variation of energy density can induce a local deformation of space–time, thus violating the Local Lorentz Invariance. This variation can be created by the ultrasounds in the matter, thus, allowing reactions that cannot occur in a flat (Minkowskian) space–time. The “neutralization” of a radionuclide occurs when it undergoes a DST transformation changing the radionuclide into non-radioactive nuclides.

This chapter highlights the importance of deposition in the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere and at the same time its role in the addition of these pollutants back to lithosphere and hydrosphere. Wet deposition in terms of rain acidity, global rain pH trend and its estimation are detailed. Processes involved in scavenging of pollutants and their role in deciding chemical nature of rain are discussed.

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Basic Processes

• Free-ion Yields in Hydrocarbons vs. X-ray Energy
  • Theoretical Yields
  • Experimental Yields
  • Ion Yields at K Edges

• Excited State Yields in Hydrocarbons vs. X-ray Energy
  • Theoretical Predictions
  • Experimental Results
  • Edge Effects

• Decomposition of Water and Aqueous Solutions
  • Radical and Molecular Yields — Theory
  • Radical and Molecular Yields — Experimental
  • Effects at K Edges

• Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgments

• References

In view of the problem that waste acidizing fluid composition is complicated and its dealing is difficult, “Neutralization-Oxidation-Coagulation-Filtration” processing technique has been proposed by regulating the pH value during the process and the removal of total iron, suspended matter and other contaminants on the basis of analyzing the main pollution components of waste acidizing fluid. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of process conditions on the removal of pollutants, such as chemicals type, chemicals dosage and the processing time, and the process parameters were optimized as follows: the mass ratio of NaOH and CaO was 3:1, c(H₂O₂)=4000mg/L, oxidation time was 20min, c(PAC)=800mg/L, c(PAM)=10mg/L. The results showed that the waste acidizing fluid in oilfield under such treatment could meet the standards of reinjection (SS<10mg/L, oil content<30mg/L, pH=6∼9, corrosion rate<0.076 mm·a⁻¹). Furthermore, this paper provided basis of theoretical and guidance for the reinjection requirements, experiment basis for design and implementation of disposing of wasted acidizing fluid treatment devices.