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In today’s energy wars, the decrease in fossil fuels and the increase in pollution reuses the question of energy and clean merit production. For this reason, supercapacitor electrodes are available for supercapacitor applications, which are synthesized using biodegradable materials or hybrids by taking nature as an example. In synthesizing our example electrode pectin, we will examine the methods of obtaining pectin, which is abundant in nature and can be used effectively in terms of its physicochemical properties, by purification or synthesis methods. Supercapacitors are essential in storing energy with their fast charge/discharge properties. This includes using pectin and other materials in energy storage systems. We will present other materials preferred in supercapacitor applications and modified compilations of these applications. In conclusion; a porous material such as pectin has a large surface area. Materials with large surface areas are very suitable electrodes for charge storage in supercapacitor applications. If some problems in pectin production and electrical conductivity can be resolved, it will be a very suitable natural electrode material for supercapacitors.

Polysaccharide polymer has advantageous applications in bio-field, engineering and food industry because of remarkable properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we describe the pectin polysaccharide nanomaterials and how the chemistry of pectin works in the development of nanoparticles and nanowires fabrication. We also discussed the recent advances of pectin-based nanomaterials including their synthesis strategies and applications. This pectin nanoscience review can be more useful to gain insight into the pectin nanochemistry for the nanosciences of engineering.

Water uptake and nutritious mineral utilisation via roots from the soil are the critical requirements for terrestrial plants that have evolved as the major host organisms on the grove of Earth, autotrophically nourishing animals, fungi and many other heterotrophic organisms and continuing to play a crucial role in forming the landscapes of the planet’s biosphere. Minerals taken up from the ground return to the earth via food chains and biome networks through the actions of consumers and decomposers. Through the cyclic usage of inorganic and organic resources, plants and their associates sustain and develop as whole communities. In this chapter, based on such a co-association, or co-evolution, concept, the important interactions between autotrophic plants and the coordinative or competitional fungi and microbes are discussed and emphasised, especially in relation to plant stresses caused by excess levels of Li⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions in land environments.

Li and Ni are gathering more attention, as well as cobalt (Co), because of their importance as very useful elements in industrial activities and sustainable energy for people in the future; however, their use is also accompanied by the incidental threat and concern about their possible increases through release and contamination into land and other environments. Li belongs to the group of relatively abundant alkaline metals (light metals), and Ni is one of the rare and micro-elementary heavy metals. Although their differential and unique impacts on plants and fungi are known, their combinational effects are not well known, so it will be necessary to address the increasing risks in the near future. In this chapter, the existing evidence will be substantiated with details about their bindings and localisations with different bioligands and polymers in the cells of plants or fungi. Taken together, we discuss the importance of complex binding and detoxification systems in plants and the symbiotic associates under combined stresses caused by the two metals as well as others.

The marine angiosperm Posidonia oceanica develops extensive meadows across the Mediterranean coast, with an important ecological role in the sea environment. These meadows are declining, probably due to a complex combination of both physical and chemical factors. However, biotic factors could also be contributing in some extent to seagrass decline. Enzymatic activities of bacterial isolates belonging to several genera recovered from different tissues of P. oceanica were analyzed, both by the miniaturized system API ZYM, and by hydrolysis of plant components in agar plates. The results indicate that isolates of Pseudoalteromonas spp. and Alteromonas spp. have the greatest enzymatic activity. A high degradative potential suggests that some bacteria recovered from P. oceanica could cause lesions in the plant, making it more susceptible to the attack by pathogenic bacteria or other microorganisms that can use these portals of entry, or increasing its susceptibility toany other stress factor.

Marc from the process of brewing persimmon wine was selected as research material to extract tannin. The changes of content of tannin during ripping period and different part of persimmon were also determined. Based on the single-factor experiments, three independent variables including ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature were selected as affecting factors to Response Surface Tannin. The optimized of extracting conditions of tannin are as follow: the 1:20 of liquid-to-solid ratio, the ethanol concentration of 30%, extraction temperature of 90°C, extraction time of 2.9h. The predicted tannin extraction yield reached 20.3mg/g under the optimized conditions, while the actual extraction yield is 22.7mg/g with the relative error of 2.4%.